Relationship between maternal defensive aggression, fear of handling and other maternal care traits in beef cows
Introduction
During lactation in predated species, including cattle, a reduction in fear responsiveness of the dam to novel and potentially dangerous situations facilitates the expression of defensive aggression in protection of the young (Fleming and Luebke, 1981, Hård and Hansen, 1985, Ferreira et al., 1989). Since humans may be perceived as a threat to the calf, a cow may show protective behaviours which, especially in countries where calving of infrequently handled cattle occurs outdoors, can place a handler, veterinarian or member of the public in danger (Le Neindre et al., 1998, Le Neindre et al., 2002).
In addition to affecting human safety and offspring survival, temperament traits of cattle can also influence handling efficiency, the likelihood of the animals themselves receiving injuries and the rate of weight gain. Most temperament traits of commercial interest in beef cattle that have been studied to date have been found to have a significant heritability. For economic, human safety and animal welfare reasons, many authors have suggested selecting animals on the basis of these traits (see Burrow, 1997 for a review); suggestions which are being investigated at the commercial level. In Australia for example, industry trials have commenced using several beef breeds to investigate the inclusion of flightiness of cattle on exit from a crush into the BREEDPLAN genetic evaluation system (Anonymous, 2002), whilst, in dairy cattle, temperament in the parlour and ease of milking have been regularly recorded by the Holstein Friesian Society of Great Britain and Ireland since 1992 (Brotherstone, 1995). Whilst selection for reduced flightiness of non-lactating beef cattle could facilitate safe handling in some contexts, it could impact on the extent to which a cow will defend her calf against handlers with implications for handling difficulties and danger after parturition.
In many countries, especially in light of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, greater extensification of some pasture systems is anticipated, accompanied by a reduction in labour input per animal (Waterhouse, 1996). This, together with the longer-term trend towards increasing the animal to handler ratio, has triggered interest in selecting animals or using breeds that can calve outdoors with little assistance and which show strong maternal behaviours, including defense against predators. Selection for maternal behaviours that promote offspring survival could, however, also exacerbate the aggressiveness of cattle after calving (Grandinson, 2005).
This article considers whether selection for reduced flightiness during routine husbandry procedures and selection for maternal care traits and calf survival could impact on maternal defensive aggressiveness. It also examines whether it is technically possible to directly select against maternal defensive aggression of beef cows as a trait in its own right and considers how recording could be integrated into normal husbandry procedures.
Section snippets
Risk for human safety posed by maternal defensiveness
Analysis of the annual fatal accident statistics published by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) from an 11 year period shows that 14 people (8 farm workers and 6 members of the public) received fatal injuries as a direct result of a cow's action when there were calves at foot whilst 4 fatalities (all farm workers) occurred as a result of cows without calves in the same period (Table 1, Health and Safety Executive, 1993–2003). These mortality figures give no indication of the extent of
Consequences of selection for reduced flightiness during routine procedures
Behavioural traits are typically under the control of many genes and combinations of these genes may affect a number of traits (Buchenauer, 1999). Consequently, selection for one trait is likely to have concurrent effects on other traits. Le Neindre et al. (2002) have speculated that a link may exist in cattle between flightiness during routine husbandry tasks and maternal defensiveness. If this is the case, selection for reduced flightiness could result in correlated changes in maternal
Heritability and repeatability
Maternal responsiveness has been recorded by Buddenberg et al. (1986) whilst ear tagging Hereford, Angus, Charolais and Red Poll calves within 24 h of birth. Behaviour was scored subjectively after 2684 parturitions on a scale of 1 (aggressive) to 11 (exhibited no interest). The estimated heritability of this score was 0.06 (S.E. 0.01) and the consistency across parities was low (phenotypic correlation coefficient rp = 0.09). Despite a large sample size, the majority of cows had an average
Conclusions
Selection for reduced flightiness from handlers during routine husbandry procedures is being investigated by major beef producing countries. The continuing reduction in labour input per animal is also responsible for interest in using breeds or selecting animals with strong maternal behaviour that can calve and successfully raise offspring with minimal human intervention. Whilst both approaches could deliver significant economic and, in some cases, animal welfare and human safety benefits,
Acknowledgements
SAC received financial support from SEERAD.
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