ShoulderMeasuring shoulder external and internal rotation strength and range of motion: comprehensive intra-rater and inter-rater reliability study of several testing protocols
Section snippets
Participants
A convenient sample of 30 asymptomatic adults (15 women and 15 men) was recruited for this investigation from a local university setting during a 7-month interval. Estimated sample size was based on literature5 suggesting that with 2 raters, a significance level of 0.05 and a power of 80% to determine an ICC score of 0.7, that a minimum of 19 samples would be required. The mean (standard deviation) for the participants' age, body weight, and height were 22.1 (1.4) years, 76.8 (17.8) kg, and
Results
Data from the reliability analysis for ROM measurements are summarized in supplementary Table I (available on the journal's website at www.jshoulderelbow.org). ICCs for intra-rater reliability varied from 0.85 (IR in 90° forward flexion/goniometer/supine) to 0.99 (IR in 90° abduction/inclinometer/sitting) and for interrater reliability from 0.96 (IR in 90° forward flexion/sitting/inclinometer) to 0.99 (IR in 90° abduction/sitting/inclinometer), showing excellent intra-rater and inter-rater
Discussion
This study established good to excellent reliability for IR and ER passive ROM measured with a goniometer or an inclinometer and isometric strength measurements using a HHD, regardless of the patient's position, shoulder position, or equipment used. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to provide a comprehensive reliability analysis of ROM and strength measurements performed by the same examiners and combining several procedures frequently used in clinical practice.
Conclusions
The purpose of this study was to establish absolute and relative reliability for several procedures measuring the rotational shoulder ROM and strength into IR and ER. The study results show good to excellent reliability values for all procedures performed. Clinicians should consider their choice based on the available equipment and the ability of the patient to achieve the body or shoulder position. In general, measurements in the supine position are recommended because of practical
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The Gent University Ethics Committee approved this study (Approval No. B67020109775).