Abstract
Objectives
Pesticide poisoning is a major cause of death in the world. The objective of this study was to examine the trends of pesticide poisoning deaths and their epidemiologic characteristics in South Korea.
Methods
We evaluated the age-standardized mortality rates from pesticide-related deaths (intentional self-poisoning, accidental poisoning, assault, undetermined intent poisoning) in South Korea from 1996 through 2005, using registered death data obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office. The regional rurality index was calculated and correlation analyses were used to estimate the association with pesticide poisoning mortality.
Results
The number of pesticide poisoning deaths from 1996 through 2005 was 25,360, which accounted for 58.3% of the total poisoning fatalities. The age-standardized mortality rates by pesticide poisoning significantly increased from 4.42 to 6.42 per 100,000 population, whereas the total death rate was decreased in the same period. Intentional self-poisoning was the majority cause of death from pesticides (84.8% of total pesticide poisoning deaths). The majority of the pesticide poisoning deaths were men, over 50 years old, with education less than middle school, and residing in rural areas. The rate of pesticide poisoning deaths was the highest in the farming period and was significantly correlated with the rurality index of each region.
Conclusions
Pesticide poisoning deaths substantially increased during the 10-year study period, and showed demographic, seasonal and regional variations. More intensive intervention efforts to reduce pesticide mortality should become a public health priority in South Korea.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ICD:
-
International Classification of Diseases.
References
Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A, Eddleston M, Gunnell D (2006) Deaths from pesticide poisoning: a global response. Br J Psychiatry 189:201–203. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020834
Carozza SE, Li B, Elgethun K, Whitworth R (2008) Risk of childhood cancers associated with residence in agriculturally intense areas in the United States. Environ Health Perspect 116(4):559–565
Conner KR, Zhong Y (2003) State firearm laws and rates of suicide in men and women. Am J Prev Med 25:320–324. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00212-5
Desapriya EB, Joshi P, Han G, Rajabali F (2004) Demographic risk factors in pesticide related suicides in Sri Lanka. Inj Prev 10:125. doi:10.1136/ip.2003.004283
Eddleston M, Phillips MR (2004) Self poisoning with pesticides. BMJ 328:42–44. doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7430.42
Eddleston M, Karalliedde L, Buckley N, Fernando R, Hutchinson G, Isbister G et al (2002) Pesticide poisoning in the developing world—a minimum pesticides list. Lancet 360:1163–1167. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11204-9
Eddleston M, Eyer P, Worek F, Mohamed F, Senarathna L, von Meyer L et al (2005) Differences between organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 366:1452–1459. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67598-8
Eddleston M, Karunaratne A, Weerakoon M, Kumarasinghe S, Rajapakshe M, Sheriff MH et al (2006) Choice of poison for intentional self-poisoning in rural Sri Lanka. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 44:283–286. doi:10.1080/15563650600584444
Gunnell D, Eddleston M (2003) Suicide by intentional ingestion of pesticides: a continuing tragedy in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 32:902–909. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg307
Hawton K, Simkin S, Deeks J, Cooper J, Johnston A, Waters K et al (2004) UK legislation on analgesic packs: before and after study of long tern effect on poisonings. BMJ 329:1076. doi:10.1136/bmj.38253.572581.7C
Hwang KY, Lee EY, Hong SY (2002) Paraquat intoxication in Korea. Arch Environ Health 57:162–166
Jeyaratnam J (1990) Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. World Health Stat Q 43:139–144
Kamel F, Engel LS, Gladen BC, Hoppin JA, Alavanja MC, Sandler DP (2007) Neurologic symptoms in licensed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Hum Exp Toxicol 26:243–250. doi:10.1177/0960327107070582
Kim SY, Song HS, Kim KD, Lee KK (1999) A study of patients with suicidal attempt. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 10:560–567
Kim UJ, Kim HY, Kim SH, Kim SW, Cho YS, Chung SP et al (2004) Analysis of 2002 year’s pesticides poisoning deaths data of Korea national statistical office and counterplan to prevent deaths due to herbicides poisoning. J Korean Soc Clin Toxicol 2:77–82
Kim MD, Hong SC, Lee SY, Kwak YS, Lee CI, Hwang SW et al (2006) Suicide risk in relation to social class: a national register-based study of adult suicides in Korea, 1999–2001. Int J Soc Psychiatry 52:138–151. doi:10.1177/0020764006061254
Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, Cole DC, Hutchinson G, Daisley H, Singh S et al (2003) Reducing acute poisoning in developing countries—options for restricting the availability of pesticides. Toxicology 192:249–261. doi:10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00339-1
Korea National Statistical Office (2002) 2000 Agricultural census report. Korea National Statistical Office, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Korea National Statistical Office (2006a) Korean Statistical Information System. Korea National Statistical Office, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [available at: http://kosis.nso.go.kr/]
Korea National Statistical Office (2006b) Annual statistics on the cause of death. Korea National Statistical Office, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Lee KM, Chung MH (2000) A Survey on the pesticide use and perceptions about the hazards of pesticides among the farmers in Kyoungju area, Korea. Korean J Environ Health Soc 26:70–79
Lee WJ, Alavanja MC, Hoppin JA, Rusiecki JA, Kamel F, Blair A et al (2007) Mortality among pesticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos in the Agricultural Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 115:528–534. doi:10.1289/ehp.10923
Lim KS (1997) The experience of pesticide poisoning and it’s related factors in a rural area. Korean J Rural Med 22:35–41
Lim HS (2002) Health hazards of farming and fishing in Korea. Korean J Rural Med 27:7–14
Lin JJ, Lu TH (2006) Association between the accessibility to lethal methods and method-specific suicide rates: an ecological study in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry 67(7):1074–1079
London L, Flisher AJ, Wesseling C, Mergler D, Kromhout H (2005) Suicide and exposure to organophosphate insecticides: cause or effect? Am J Ind Med 47:308–321. doi:10.1002/ajim.20147
Mann JJ, Apter A, Bertolote J, Beautrais A, Currier D, Haas A et al (2005) Suicide prevention strategies: a systemic review. JAMA 294:2064–2074. doi:10.1001/jama.294.16.2064
Park JH, Wi DH (1999) Clinical analysis of the suicidal attempters visiting emergency center. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 10:568–578
Park E, Hyun MY, Lee CI, Lee EJ, Hong SC (2007) A study on regional differentials in death caused by suicide in South Korea. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 37:44–51
Sanne B, Mykletun A, Moen BE, Dahl AA, Tell GS (2004) Farmers are at risk for anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Health Study. Occup Med (Lond) 54:92–100. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh007
Senanayake N, Peiris H (1995) Mortality due to poisoning in a developing agricultural country: trends over 20 years. Hum Exp Toxicol 14:808–811
Shin SD, Suh GJ, Rhee JE, Sung J, Kim J (2004) Epidemiologic characteristics of death by poisoning in 1991–2001 in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 19:186–194
van der Hoek W, Konradsen F (2005) Risk factors for acute pesticide poisoning in Sri Lanka. Trop Med Int Health 10:589–596. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01416.x
Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC Jr, Klein-Schwartz W, Reid N, Youniss J et al (2005) 2004 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 23:589–666. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2005.05.001
World Health Organization (1992) International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems-tenth revision. World Health Organization, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, W.J., Cha, E.S., Park, E.S. et al. Deaths from pesticide poisoning in South Korea: trends over 10 years. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 82, 365–371 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0343-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0343-z