Table 5

Multinomial logistic regression examining factors associated with substance use groups during worst experience among those with lifetime non-fatal overdose experiences (n=314), 2021–2022, USA

Alcohol and cannabis (n=88)
AOR (95% CI)		Alcohol and other substances (n=71)
AOR (95% CI)		Other substances (no alcohol) (n=40)
AOR (95% CI)
Sociodemographics
Age0.89 (0.82 to 0.98)*1.13 (1.03 to 1.24)*0.95 (0.85 to 1.07)
Male sex (vs female)1.08 (0.55 to 2.10)0.72 (0.33 to 1.56)3.40 (1.40 to 8.26)**
Heterosexual identity (vs other sexual identity)0.49 (0.26 to 0.91)0.68 (0.33 to 1.37)0.28 (0.12 to 0.66)**
White, non-Hispanic (vs other race/ethnicity)1.24 (0.63 to 2.46)0.66 (0.33 to 1.29)1.46 (0.60 to 3.57)
Receive public assistance (vs none)1.96 (0.93 to 4.10)1.96 (0.90 to 4.28)4.59 (1.90 to 11.09)***
Social factors
History of familial substance misuse (vs none)1.18 (0.63 to 2.20)1.02 (0.51 to 2.04)0.76 (0.34 to 1.70)
†Peer substance misuse score1.07 (0.98 to 1.18)1.20 (1.09 to 1.33)***1.00 (0.88 to 1.12)
‡Social support score1.08 (0.94 to 1.25)0.89 (0.78 to 1.03)0.96 (0.81 to 1.14)
Mental health factors
§Positive anxiety screen (vs negative)1.35 (0.70 to 2.59)1.69 (0.84 to 3.40)2.72 (1.14 to 6.52)*
Suicide attempt (lifetime) (vs none)0.93 (0.37 to 2.29)0.99 (0.36 to 2.71)1.03 (0.36 to 2.99)

  • Alcohol only is the reference group.

  • *p<0.05.

  • **p<0.01.

  • ***p<0.001.

  • †Higher M score (range 0–24) indicates more peer substance misuse.

  • ‡Higher M score (range 1–10) indicates more peer and/or family social support.

  • §GAD-7 with score >10 positive for at least moderate anxiety disorder risk in the past 2 weeks.

  • AOR, adjusted odds ratio; GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7.