Total sample characteristics and unadjusted comparisons of sociodemographic, social and mental health factors among those with and without lifetime non-fatal overdose experiences (N=771), 2021–2022, USA
| Total N=771 N%/M (SD) | No non-fatal overdose experience n=457 (59.3%) n%/M (SD) | Prior non-fatal overdose experience n=314 (40.7%) n%/M (SD) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age | 23.7 (3.6) | 23.8 (3.6) | 23.6 (3.6) | 0.98 (0.94 to 1.02) |
| Male sex (vs female) | 215 (27.9%) | 130 (28.5%) | 85 (27.1%) | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.29) |
| Heterosexual identity (vs other sexual identity) | 505 (65.5%) | 317 (69.4%) | 188 (59.9%) | 0.66 (0.49 to 0.89) |
| White, non-Hispanic (vs other race/ethnicity) | 496 (64.3%) | 284 (62.1%) | 212 (67.5%) | 1.27 (0.94 to 1.71) |
| Receives public assistance (vs none) | 214 (27.8%) | 132 (28.9%) | 82 (26.1%) | 0.87 (0.63 to 1.20) |
| Social factors | ||||
| History of familial substance misuse** (vs none) | 456 (59.1%) | 250 (54.7%) | 206 (65.6%) | 1.58 (1.17 to 2.13) |
| Peer substance misuse score***† | 4.7 (3.4) | 4.1 (3.2) | 5.6 (3.5) | 1.14 (1.09 to 1.19) |
| Social support score‡ | 7.7 (2.4) | 7.8 (2.4) | 7.7 (2.3) | 0.98 (0.92 to 1.04) |
| Mental health factors | ||||
| Positive depression screen* (vs negative)§ | 351 (45.5%) | 191 (41.8%) | 160 (51.0%) | 1.45 (1.08 to 1.93) |
| Positive anxiety screen** (vs negative)¶ | 301 (39.0%) | 159 (34.8%) | 142 (45.2%) | 1.55 (1.15 to 2.08) |
| Suicide attempt (lifetime)*** (vs none) | 83 (10.8%) | 34 (7.4%) | 49 (15.6%) | 2.30 (1.45 to 3.66) |
*p<0.05.
**p<0.01.
***p<0.001.
†Higher M score (range 0–24) indicates more peer substance misuse.
‡Higher M score (range 1–10) indicates more peer and/or family social support.
§PHQ-8 with score >10 positive for at least moderate depression risk in the past 2 weeks.
¶GAD-7 with score >10 positive for at least moderate anxiety disorder risk in the past 2 weeks.
GAD-7, Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7; M, mean; OR, odds ratio; PHQ-8, Patient Health Questionnaire-8.