Characteristics of the sample in total, among older adults, and by exposure to ice cleat distribution programme
| Characteristic | All ages | 65+ years | |||
| Entire sample | Entire sample | Unexposed to programme | Exposed to programme | P value* | |
| Sample size—n | 63 234 | 17 906 | 15 399 | 2507 | |
| Age—mean (SD) | 52.0 (16.7) | 71.1 (4.2) | 71.1 (4.2) | 71.5 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| Women—% | 53.1 | 51.5 | 51.8 | 50.3 | 0.17 |
| No postsecondary education—% | 64.9 | 75.9 | 76.6 | 71.4 | <0.001 |
| Born in Sweden—% | 86.3 | 88.1 | 87.7 | 90.3 | <0.001 |
| Survey wave—% | <0.001 | ||||
| 2007 | 18.0 | 14.0 | 16.2 | 0.3 | |
| 2010 | 29.3 | 24.4 | 27.7 | 4.1 | |
| 2014 | 28.3 | 30.8 | 34.5 | 8.0 | |
| 2018 | 24.3 | 30.8 | 21.6 | 87.6 | |
| Ice cleat users, main†—% | 29.5 | 53.5 | 51.9 | 62.9 | <0.001 |
| Ice cleat users, alternative‡—% | 34.0 | 58.4 | 57.6 | 63.7 | <0.001 |
| Ice cleat pairs distributed per age-eligible citizen—mean (SD) | 0.38 (0.22) | ||||
*P value for group differences in characteristics between exposed and unexposed respondents in the 65+ age group. Based on χ2 tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.
†Respondents who reported ‘sometimes’, ‘often’ or ‘always’ using ice cleats during icy road conditions were classified as ice cleat users in the waves that used ordinal response scales (2007 and 2010; never or seldom were classified as non-users). Response options to later waves were binary (yes or no).
‡Those who reported seldom using ice cleats were also classified as ice cleat users in this definition.