Table 4

PedsQL linear mixed effects models (adjusted for VIBES-Junior cohort)

ModelTotalPhysicalPsychosocial
Unadj coefficient (95% CI)Adj coefficient (95% CI)Unadj coefficient (95% CI)Adj coefficient (95% CI)Unadj coefficient (95% CI)Adj coefficient (95% CI)
Sex 
 Male Ref
 Female −0.49 (−1.84 to 0.86)−1.31 (−2.63 to 0.02)−2.39 (−3.92 to –0.87) ↓−3.12 (−4.58 to –1.66) ↓0.28 (−1.08 to 1.64)−0.52 (−1.90 to 0.85)
Age group 
 0–4 years Ref
 5–9 years −3.40 (−4.94 to –1.86) ↓−4.6 (−6.13 to –3.06) ↓−1.86 (−3.57 to –0.14) ↓−2.14 (−3.79 to –0.49) ↓−3.66 (−5.19 to –2.12) ↓−4.99 (−6.61 to –3.37) ↓
 10–14 years −5.69 (−7.23 to –4.16) ↓−6.63 (−8.27 to –4.99) ↓−5.08 (−6.80 to –3.36) ↓−4.88 (−6.70 to –3.06) ↓−5.89 (−7.43 to –4.35) ↓−6.82 (−8.54 to –5.10) ↓
 15–17 years −9.28 (−11.36 to –7.19) ↓−7.34 (−9.50 to –5.17) ↓−8.72 (−11.04 to –6.39) ↓−6.88 (−9.34 to –4.41) ↓−9.18 (−11.33 to –7.02) ↓−7.23 (−9.55 to –4.92) ↓
SES 
 Low SES Ref
 Moderate SES  3.86 (2.35 to 5.38) ↑ 2.55 (1.10 to 4.01) ↑ 3.88 (2.20 to 5.56) ↑ 2.07 (0.48 to 3.66) ↑ 3.39 (1.85 to 4.93) ↑ 2.30 (0.80 to 3.80) ↑
 High SES  7.03 (5.43 to 8.63) ↑ 4.59 (3.07 to 6.11) ↑ 6.98 (5.24 to 8.72) ↑ 4.25 (2.60 to 5.91) ↑ 6.48 (4.84 to 8.12) ↑ 4.45 (2.86 to 6.04) ↑
Mechanism 
 Non-transport Ref
 Transport −5.65 (−7.27 to –4.02) ↓−2.71 (−4.49 to –0.94) ↓−6.67 (−8.50 to –4.84) ↓−2.74 (−4.63 to –0.85) ↓−6.20 (−7.86 to –4.53) ↓−3.23 (−5.14 to –1.33) ↓
Hospital status 
 ED only Ref
 Hospital admission −1.61 (−2.89 to –0.33) ↓1.09 (−1.06 to 3.23)−3.16 (−4.54 to –1.78) ↓−0.46 (−2.80 to 1.89)−1.58 (−2.89 to –0.27) ↓ 2.24 (0.03 to 4.44) ↑
 Comorbidity status 
 No comorbidities Ref
 At least one comorbidity −6.29 (−8.98 to –3.60) ↓−6.74 (−9.47 to –4.02) ↓−8.83 (−11.93 to –5.72) ↓−7.39 (−10.58 to –4.20) ↓−6.08 (−8.76 to –3.40) ↓−6.24 (−8.95 to –3.54) ↓
ISS tertiles 
 Low (<5) Ref
 Mid (5−16) −1.51 (−3.06 to 0.03)−1.99 (−4.41 to 0.43)−0.76 (−2.36 to 0.84)0.02 (−2.55 to 2.59)−2.54 (−4.13 to –0.94) ↓−2.54 (−5.04 to –0.04) ↓
 High (17+) −3.28 (−4.94 to –1.62) ↓−1.26 (−4.17 to 1.66)−4.37 (−6.24 to –2.50) ↓0.10 (−3.08 to 3.27)−3.44 (−5.10 to –1.79) ↓−1.27 (−4.29 to 1.74)
Intent 
 Not intentional Ref
 Intentional −7.12 (−11.22 to –3.01) ↓−7.32 (−11.48 to –3.16) ↓−5.29 (−9.33 to –1.25) ↓−5.06 (−9.20 to –0.91) ↓−5.8 (−9.79 to –1.82) ↓−6.82 (−10.79 to –2.84) ↓
 Intent not known −1.14 (−4.39 to 2.12)−2.41 (−6.95 to 2.12)0.21 (−3.02 to 3.43)1.13 (−3.33 to 5.60)−0.69 (−3.96 to 2.58)−1.83 (−6.45 to 2.80)
Time 
 1 month Ref
 3–4 months  9.31 (7.81 to 10.82) ↑ 9.75 (7.95 to 11.55) ↑ 15.88 (13.60 to 18.16) ↑ 15.32 (12.59 to 18.04) ↑ 5.35 (4.07 to 6.64) ↑ 6.24 (4.70 to 7.78) ↑
 6 months  7.81 (6.27 to 9.35) ↑ 7.97 (6.16 to 9.77) ↑ 14.69 (12.38 to 16.99) ↑ 14.59 (11.90 to 17.28) ↑ 4.51 (3.19 to 5.84) ↑ 4.98 (3.42 to 6.53) ↑
 12 months  10.18 (8.68 to 11.67) ↑ 10.38 (8.60 to 12.15) ↑ 18.25 (15.96 to 20.53) ↑ 17.75 (15.06 to 20.44) ↑ 5.82 (4.58 to 7.05) ↑ 6.41 (4.94 to 7.87) ↑
 24 months  10.12 (8.58 to 11.65) ↑ 10.55 (8.72 to 12.37) ↑ 19.02 (16.71 to 21.33) ↑ 18.60 (15.86 to 21.34) ↑ 5.67 (4.35 to 7.00) ↑ 6.52 (4.96 to 8.08) ↑
Injury (any) 
 N33, N34 spinal cord lesion −16.56 (−23.31 to –9.80) ↓−11.38 (−18.87 to –3.90) ↓−25.98 (−36.66 to –15.30) ↓−21.17 (−32.96 to –9.37) ↓−13.24 (−19.19 to –7.29) ↓−8.21 (−15.35 to –1.07) ↓
 N19, N26 fracture of femur −7.14 (−10.54 to –3.75) ↓−3.63 (−6.84 to –0.42) ↓−12.14 (−16.47 to –7.80) ↓−7.61 (−11.72 to –3.49) ↓−3.30 (−6.47 to –0.14) ↓−0.06 (−3.16 to 3.04)
 N20 fracture of patella, tibia, fibula or ankle −9.84 (−13.72 to –5.96) ↓−6.92 (−10.56 to –3.27) ↓−13.63 (−17.88 to –9.39) ↓−9.10 (−13.31 to –4.90) ↓−7.45 (−11.19 to –3.70) ↓−4.26 (−7.79 to –0.73) ↓
 N28 moderate to severe traumatic brain injury −2.68 (−4.25 to –1.11) ↓−3.27 (−5.25 to –1.30) ↓−1.84 (−3.57 to –0.12) ↓−2.23 (−4.43 to –0.03) ↓−2.91 (−4.49 to –1.34) ↓−3.38 (−5.44 to –1.31) ↓
 N37, N17, N18 crush injury, fracture foot/hand bones −2.87 (−6.67 to 0.94)−0.74 (−4.70 to 3.22)−4.28 (−8.82 to 0.26)0.27 (−4.33 to 4.86)−1.96 (−5.66 to 1.75)−0.86 (−4.75 to 3.02)
 N43 internal haemorrhage in abdomen or pelvis −0.48 (−2.71 to 1.75)−0.36 (−2.86 to 2.14)−2.68 (−5.28 to –0.08) ↓−0.71 (−3.70 to 2.29)−1.02 (−3.31 to 1.28)−0.35 (−2.97 to 2.27)
 N27 minor traumatic brain injury −1.09 (−2.45 to 0.28)−0.35 (−1.87 to 1.17)1.02 (−0.43 to 2.47)−0.03 (−1.67 to 1.61)−1.90 (−3.31 to –0.49)−0.72 (−2.32 to 0.89)
 N21 fracture of pelvis −10.83 (−14.46 to –7.19) ↓−4.28 (−7.77 to –0.79) ↓−15.45 (−19.92 to –10.98) ↓−7.62 (−12.20 to –3.05) ↓−9.18 (−12.79 to –5.57) ↓−2.75 (−6.42 to 0.93)
 N42 severe chest injury −6.43 (−9.07 to –3.79) ↓−2.29 (−4.83 to 0.25)−8.32 (−11.58 to –5.07) ↓−2.71 (−5.78 to 0.36)−6.41 (−9.08 to –3.75) ↓−2.00 (−4.66 to 0.66)
 N8, N9, N10 burns (including lower airways) 0.25 (−3.90 to 4.41)−4.03 (−8.35 to 0.29)−2.12 (−6.65 to 2.42)−5.58 (−10.30 to –0.87) ↓−0.26 (−4.58 to 4.06)−3.71 (−8.13 to 0.71)
 N25 fracture of vertebral column −9.45 (−13.17 to –5.73) ↓−4.26 (−7.90 to –0.61) ↓−12.5 (−17.03 to –7.98) ↓−5.53 (−10.06 to –1.00) ↓−8.86 (−12.62 to –5.09) ↓−3.99 (−7.68 to –0.29) ↓
 N35, N36 asphyxiation, non-fatal submersion −1.91 (−10.55 to 6.74)−9.32 (−16.38 to –2.26) ↓1.43 (−8.39 to 11.25)−4.92 (−13.69 to 3.85)−2.13 (−9.83 to 5.56)−9.61 (−15.83 to –3.39) ↓
 N40, N44 contusion, open wound −0.97 (−2.64 to 0.71)0.17 (−1.42 to 1.76)−1.11 (−2.98 to 0.76)1.39 (−0.36 to 3.13)−2.47 (−4.25 to –0.69) ↓−1.02 (−2.74 to 0.70)
 N14 other injuries of muscle and tendon and other dislocations −2.99 (−5.62 to –0.36) ↓−2.81 (−5.34 to –0.27) ↓−5.31 (−8.57 to –2.05) ↓−3.12 (−6.38 to 0.13)−3.73 (−6.45 to –1.01) ↓−3.44 (−6.07 to –0.81) ↓
 N15 fracture of clavicle, scapula or humerus −1.79 (−4.05 to 0.48)−1.35 (−3.50 to 0.81)−2.63 (−5.10 to –0.16) ↓−1.08 (−3.42 to 1.27)−2.61 (−5.01 to –0.21) ↓−2.26 (−4.56 to 0.04)
 N22 fracture of radius or ulna −0.98 (−2.89 to 0.92)−0.61 (−2.63 to 1.42)−1.91 (−4.09 to 0.28)−0.77 (−3.05 to 1.50)0.44 (−1.47 to 2.34)−0.02 (−2.07 to 2.03)
 Other injuries −1.16 (−2.47 to 0.15)−2.22 (−3.76 to –0.68) ↓−1.14 (−2.58 to 0.30)−1.46 (−3.17 to 0.24)−1.97 (−3.30 to –0.65) ↓−2.76 (−4.36 to –1.17) ↓
 Constant 88.55 (85.15 to 91.95)82.15 (77.91 to 86.39)89.93 (86.57 to 93.30)
 No of observations–4952–5296–5263
 No of groups–1963–2038–2038
 ICC–0.69 (0.66 to 0.72)–0.65 (0.61 to 0.68)–0.69 (0.66 to 0.72)

  • Mixed effect linear models with random intercept and slopes and robust standard errors. Models adjusted for VIBES-Junior cohort.

  • Significant results in bold.

  • ↓ refers to significantly lower mean PedsQL score than the reference, ↑ refers to significantly higher mean PedsQL score than the reference.

  • *Injury groupings based on GBD 2013 classifications with reference=Not have injury type, and the order was based on GBD 2013 order.

  • Adj., Adjusted; ED, emergency department; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; ICC, Intraclass correlation; ISS, Injury Severity Score; PedsQL, Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory; Ref, Reference category; SES, socioeconomic status; Unadj, Unadjusted where model included covariate and time; VIBES, Validating Injury Burden Estimates Study.