Table 3

Key findings of selected literature: injury type and severity

Study	Type of injury				Injury severity
Study	Superficial soft tissue injury (%)	Fracture or dislocation (%)	Head injury (%)	Internal injury (%)	ISS	Other
Peer-reviewed publications
Trivedi et al 201916	56	36	40	1		Urgent * 33%
Störmann et al 202015	58	42	17
Mitchell et al 201913	60	24	15
Liew et al 202028	72	33			Median 1 Range 1–5
Kobayashi et al 201912	NR	42	19		Median 5.5 IQR 5–9
Brownson et al 201911	66	42	17		Median 4 Range 1–29
Blomberg et al 20194	31	12	22			Urgent* 7%
Beck et al 2019	46	32	26			Urgent* 17%
Bauer et al 202010	54	33	17		Mean 6.3 SD 6.0
Puzio et al 202014	34	24	17		Median 1
Badeau et al 201932	74	36	20
Namiri et al 20203	37	27	32
Aizpuru et al 20199	31	26	28
Dhillon et al 202027		55	23		Mean 7.2 Median 5 IQR 2–10
English et al 202018	65	33	18	1	Median 5 IQR 4–9
Farley et al 202047			15	27
Bresler et al 201923	32	5	36
Yarmohammadi et al 2020 †20		94	21
Faraji et al 202021	65	27
Trivedi et al 201922	42					Severe‡ 58%
Hennocq et al 202024	62	47
Kim et al 202025	44	9	30
Oksanen et al 202026	91	65	22
Shiffler et al 202019	20	23
Siow et al 2020 §29	NR	49			Mean 8.4 Median 5.0
Ishmael et al 2020 §33	NR	93
Nellamattathil and Amber 202031	NR	26
Mayhew and Bergin 201930	NR	57	24
Grey literature (non-journal reports)
Pearson et al 201935
Hojjat et al 201936
Beck et al 202037		32	26
Chang and Diamond 201938
Allen et al 201939
Sedor and Caswell 201940
Austin Public Health Unit 201917		35	15
City of Santa Monica 2019						Minor injuries in 80%
Cicchino et al 202034	53		7			Max. AIS≤2 in 98%

*Urgent defined as Canadian Triage Acuity Score of 1 (resuscitation), 2 (emergent) or 3 (urgent).
†Reported for patients with facial injuries.
‡Severe defined as fracture, concussion or intracranial haematoma.
§Reported for patients with orthopaedic injuries.
AIS, Abbreviated Injury Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score.