Table 5

Key findings of selected literature: injury circumstances

Study	Mechanism (%)		Location (%)	Helmet use (%)			Substance use (%)
Study	Single user	Collision *		Yes	No	Unknown	Alcohol	Other
Peer-reviewed publications
Trivedi et al 201916	88	9		4	32	63	5
Störmann et al 202015	92	8		1
Mitchell et al 201913	69	31		46	20	30
Liew et al 202028				6
Kobayashi et al 201912				7	88	5	48	Positive toxicology screen: 30
Brownson et al 201911	97	3		2	19	79	13
Blomberg et al 20194	91	9		4	55	41	37
Beck et al 2019				2	19	79	13
Bauer et al 202010	97	3					49
Puzio et al 202014				0†	–		33
Badeau et al 201932			Sidewalk: 44
Namiri et al 20203
Aizpuru et al 20199
Dhillon et al 202027	34	58		18	71	11	24
English et al 202018	85	15	Street: 71 Sidewalk: 3 Unknown: 26	1.6			11
Farley et al 202047
Bresler et al 201923				5	10	85
Yarmohammadi et al 202020				0†			74
Faraji et al 202021							46	Cannabis: 7
Trivedi et al 201922				0†			18
Hennocq 202024			Sidewalk: 31	12			49	Other substance: 12
Kim et al 202025
Oksanen et al 202026				17	0	83	91
Shiffler et al 202019	97	3		12	1	87	12	Other substance: 4
Siow et al 202029				3			27
Ishmael et al 202033	89	11
Nellamattathil and Amber 202031
Mayhew and Bergin 201930						84
Grey literature (non-journal reports)
Pearson et al 201935
Hojjat et al 201936
Beck et al 202037
Chang and Diamond 201938
Allen et al 201939	85	10		2
Sedor and Caswell 201940	94	6		3			24
Austin Public Health Unit 201917			Street: 55 Sidewalk: 33	1			29
City of Santa Monica 2019
Cicchino et al 202034	69	28	Sidewalk: 57 Road: 24 Off-road: 10 Bike lane: 8 Other: 2	2