Heroin and/or fentanyl without xylazine (n=596) | Heroin and/or fentanyl with xylazine (n=262) | Chi Square P value | |||
N | % | N | % | ||
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age (years) | 0.0381 | ||||
15–34 | 172 | 28.9 | 94 | 35.9 | |
35–54 | 285 | 47.8 | 124 | 47.3 | |
≥55 | 139 | 23.3 | 44 | 16.8 | |
Sex | 0.9710 | ||||
Male | 452 | 75.8 | 199 | 76.0 | |
Female | 144 | 24.2 | 63 | 24.0 | |
Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | ||||
Non-Hispanic, white | 293 | 49.2 | 169 | 64.5 | |
Non-Hispanic, black | 185 | 31.0 | 46 | 17.6 | |
Hispanic | 111 | 18.6 | 42 | 16.0 | |
Other | 7 | 1.2 | 5 | 1.9 | |
Toxicology | |||||
Additional substance detected at death* | |||||
Fentanyl | 576 | 96.6 | 262 | 100.0 | 0.0027 |
Heroin† | 172 | 28.9 | 27 | 10.3 | <0.0001 |
Pharmaceutical opioids‡ | 73 | 12.2 | 18 | 6.9 | 0.0185 |
Methadone | 21 | 3.5 | 15 | 5.7 | 0.1385 |
Methamphetamine | 50 | 8.4 | 31 | 11.8 | 0.1122 |
Benzodiazepines | 158 | 26.5 | 74 | 28.2 | 0.5984 |
Cocaine | 313 | 52.5 | 140 | 53.4 | 0.8040 |
Evidence of injection | <0.0001 | ||||
No | 458 | 76.8 | 159 | 60.7 | |
Yes | 138 | 23.2 | 103 | 39.3 |
*Substances are not mutually exclusive as more than one additional substance may be detected at death.
†Heroin may include detections for morphine only.
‡Excludes detections for methadone and fentanyl.