Table 1

Demographic characteristics and toxicology detections of heroin and/ or fentanyl overdose decedents (n=858), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2019

	Heroin and/or fentanyl without xylazine (n=596)		Heroin and/or fentanyl with xylazine (n=262)		Chi Square P value
	N	%	N	%	Chi Square P value
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)					0.0381
15–34	172	28.9	94	35.9
35–54	285	47.8	124	47.3
≥55	139	23.3	44	16.8
Sex					0.9710
Male	452	75.8	199	76.0
Female	144	24.2	63	24.0
Race/ethnicity					<0.0001
Non-Hispanic, white	293	49.2	169	64.5
Non-Hispanic, black	185	31.0	46	17.6
Hispanic	111	18.6	42	16.0
Other	7	1.2	5	1.9
Toxicology
Additional substance detected at death*
Fentanyl	576	96.6	262	100.0	0.0027
Heroin†	172	28.9	27	10.3	<0.0001
Pharmaceutical opioids‡	73	12.2	18	6.9	0.0185
Methadone	21	3.5	15	5.7	0.1385
Methamphetamine	50	8.4	31	11.8	0.1122
Benzodiazepines	158	26.5	74	28.2	0.5984
Cocaine	313	52.5	140	53.4	0.8040
Evidence of injection					<0.0001
No	458	76.8	159	60.7
Yes	138	23.2	103	39.3

*Substances are not mutually exclusive as more than one additional substance may be detected at death.
†Heroin may include detections for morphine only.
‡Excludes detections for methadone and fentanyl.