Table 3

TBI-related signs and symptoms and imaging findings among a random sample of medical records assigned traumatic intracranial injury ICD-10-CM codes*, by study site

Study sites	One shock trauma, one ED in referral centres (Maryland) n=456		Two EDs in university system (Kentucky) n=385		EDs in level I, II, III trauma hospitals (Colorado) n=376‡		EDs in all acute care hospitals (Massachusetts) n=388
Known or suspected signs and/or symptoms	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%	Count	%
In group 1
Dazed/foggy/confused	163	35.7	115	29.9	110	29.3	118	30.4
Memory problems	154	33.8	81	21.0	68	18.1	46	11.9
Loss of consciousness	308	67.5	168	43.6	145	38.6	99	25.5
Any group 1 sign/symptom	361	79.2	230	59.7	214	56.9	202	52.1
No group 1 signs/symptoms	88	19.3	155	40.3	162	43.1	186	47.9
Total	449	98.5	385	100.0	376	100.0	388	100.0
In group 2
Nausea or vomiting	83	18.2	94	24.4	145	38.6	171	44.4
Headache/pressure in head	202	44.3	238	61.8	250	66.5	319	82.2
Dizziness/poor balance	68	14.9	69	17.9	113	30.1	127	32.7
Change in vision	27	5.9	34	8.8	65	17.3	69	17.7
Poor concentration	19	4.2	†	†	17	4.5	†	†
Sensitivity to noise/light	†	†	15	3.9	31	8.2	37	9.6
Irritable/change in mood	52	11.4	†	†	21	5.6	†	†
Drowsiness/change in sleep	57	12.5	34	8.8	40	10.6	37	9.6
Speech problems	33	7.2	11	2.9	17	4.5	15	3.9
Hearing problems	†	†	†	†	11	2.9	†	†
Weakness/numbness	27	5.9	†	†	34	9.0	31	8.1
Imaging of the head
Imaging performed	404	88.6	274	71.2	231	61.4	237	61.1
Positive imaging findings	153	33.6	75	19.5	16	4.3	14	5.5

The bold values indicate that those two characteristics were exclusive (meaning a patient could not have both) and their total counts or percentages were shown in the "total" row below them.
*Intracranial injury ICD-10-CM codes began with ‘S06’ and ‘A’ in seventh character of the code or missing.
†Suppressed because the count was less than 11.
‡Nine of the 385 sampled medical records in Colorado indicated that the patient was not a state resident, was not discharged home, did not have an injury event or was admitted as an inpatient.
ED, emergency department; ICD-10-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; TBI, traumatic brain injury.