Change in severity among intimate partner violence (IPV) victims (N=281)†
| COVID-19-related IPV severity | IPV worse (compared to IPV same) RRR (95% CI) | IPV better (compared to IPV same) RRR (95% CI) | |||
| Worse N=46 (16%) | Same N=151 (54%) | Better N=84 (30%) | |||
| Type of victimisation‡ | |||||
| Physical | 6 (27) | 5 (23) | 11 (50) | 4.38* (1.27 to 15.1) | 2.46** (1.47 to 13.14) |
| Insult | 46 (17) | 146 (54) | 81 (30) | § | 0.93 (0.22 to 3.97) |
| Threaten | 5 (20) | 11 (44) | 9 (36) | 1.55 (0.5 to 4.72) | 1.53 (0.61 to 3.85) |
| Scream | 38 (16) | 127 (53) | 74 (31) | 0.90 (0.37 to 2.16) | 1.40 (0.63 to 3.09) |
| Sexual | 13 (28) | 22 (47) | 12 (26) | 2.31* (1.05 to 5.06) | 0.98 (0.46 to 2.09) |
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 40 (11) | 44 (11) | 43 (13) | 0.97*(0.94 to 0.99) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) |
| Region | |||||
| West | 8 (27) | 15 (50) | 7 (23) | Ref | Ref |
| Northeast | 2 (18) | 6 (55) | 3 (27) | 0.63 0.10 to 3.84) | 1.07 (0.21 to 5.58) |
| Midwest | 3 (12) | 16 (64) | 6 (24) | 0.35 (0.08 to 1.58) | 0.83 (0.22 to 2.94) |
| South | 33 (16) | 112 (53) | 66 (31) | 0.55 (0.22 to 1.42) | 1.27 90.49 to 3.25) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White NH | 38 (16) | 129 (56) | 65 (28) | Ref | Ref |
| Other NH | 4 (17) | 13 (54) | 7 (29) | 1.36 (0.40 to 4.58) | 1.39 (0.51 to 3.81) |
| Hispanic | 4 (16) | 9 (36) | 12 (48) | 1.51 (0.44 to 5.17) | 2.65*(1.07 to 6.60) |
| Missing | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 21 (19) | 59 (54) | 29 (27) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 25 (15) | 92 (53) | 55 (32) | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.49) | 1.22 (0.70 to 2.12) |
| Missing | |||||
| Income | |||||
| <US$80 000 | 7 (15) | 20 (41) | 22 (45) | Ref | Ref |
| $US80–150 000 | 19 (19) | 61 (60) | 22 (22) | 0.89 (0.33 to 2.43) | 0.33** (0.15 to 0.71) |
| >US$150 000 | 20 (16) | 69 (54) | 39 (30) | 0.83 (0.31 to 2.24) | 0.51 (0.25 to 1.06) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | ||
| No children | |||||
| 0 | 23 (15) | 63 (42) | 45 (30) | Ref | Ref |
| 1 | 6 (12) | 28 (57) | 11 (23) | 0.59 (0.21 to 1.60) | 0.55 (0.25 to 1.22) |
| 2 | 13 (17) | 37 (49) | 15 (20) | 0.96 (0.44 to 2.12) | 0.57 (0.28 to 1.16) |
| 3+ | 4 (10) | 21 (54) | 12 (31) | 0.52 (0.16 to 1.68) | 0.80 (0.36 to 1.79) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 2 (67) | 1 (33) | ||
| COVID-19 behaviours | |||||
| Job status/income changed | |||||
| No | 29 (19) | 84 (54) | 43 (27) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 11 (17) | 33 (52) | 20 (31) | 0.97 (0.43 to 2.15) | 1.8 (0.61 to 2.30) |
| Missing/NA | 6 (10) | 34 (56) | 21 (34) | ||
| Alcohol use | |||||
| More | 19 (19) | 50 (49) | 33 (32) | Ref | Ref |
| Less | 4 (16) | 14 (56) | 7 (28) | 0.75 (0.22 to 2.57) | 0.76 (0.28 to 2.08) |
| Same | 15 (16) | 52 (54) | 29 (30) | 0.76 (0.35 to 1.66) | 0.85 (0.45 to 1.59) |
| Do not drink | 8 (14) | 35 (60) | 15 (26) | 0.60 (0.24 to 1.53) | 0.65 (0.31 to 1.37) |
| Missing | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Work from home (yes) | 33 (20) | 87 (52) | 46 (28) | 1.52 (0.60 to 4.04) | 0.75 (0.37 to 1.53) |
*p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.
†COVID-19-related IPV severity missing for n=31.
‡Not mutually exclusive.
§Would not converge.
NA, Not applicable; NH, non-Hispanic.