Terms used in the literature to describe populations based on cultural and/or ethnic background
| Terms used in the literature | Country | Reference |
| African-American/black: used interchangeably in the literature | USA | 9 29–34 36 43–48 50 53 |
| Culturally and linguistically diverse | Australia New Zealand | 26 40 41 52 |
| Ethnicity | New Zealand Canada USA | 8 25 27 32 37–39 51 53 62 |
| Ethnic minority also referred to as: minority ethnic groups | USA Canada New Zealand | 27 36 38 44 47 48 |
| European ethnic groups: | USA | 8 9 22–25 29 32 35–37 39 42 43 45 47–49 51 53 |
| White/Caucasian: used interchangeably in the literature | USA | |
| Euro-Canadian | Canada | |
| Euro-American | USA | |
| New Zealand European | New Zealand | |
| Non-Aboriginal/non-Indigenous | Canada, Australia | |
|
Migrants: also referred to as: immigrants, new settlers/new arrivals Country of origin, foreign-born | NewZealand Australia Canada USA | 26 27 31 47 52 62 |
|
Indigenous, also referred as:
Aboriginal Native First Nations Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Maori | Canada Australia USA New Zealand | 9 22 26 35 37–39 42 43 47 51 62 |
| Multicultural, multiracial, multiethnic | USA New Zealand | 34 37 42–44 48 |
| Race | USA | 32 33 45 47 |
| Racial identity (ethnicity) | USA | 9 43 44 48 |