Table 4

Drowning mortality estimates by sex

Data sourceTime periodDrowning related ICD-10 codes (range)MalesFemales
Total all-cause deathsTotal drowning deathsDrowning fraction*Total population (annual average)Annual average drowning mortality rate/ 100,000†Total all-cause deathsTotal drowning deathsDrowning fractionTotal population (annual average)Annual average drowning mortality rate/100 000
%95% CIRate95% CI%95% CIRate95% CI
Population-based data (combined)‡V90–Y2115 581161 1.00 0.79 to 1.26492 361 8.3 6.6 to 10.613 99478 0.55 0.41 to 0.72520 566 3.9 2.9 to 5.2
Hospital-based data (combined)§199744 2.62 0.75 to 8.74 206012 0.73 0.19 to 2.77
WHO GHE global database2015W65–W74224 7802367 1.05 26 574 000 8.9 190 3421087 0.57 26 896 000 4.0
GBD global database2016W65–W74207 9281661 0.80 0.67 to 0.97 27 229 508 6.1 5.0 to 7.6180 984825 0.46 0.33 to 0.7127 500 000 3.0 2.1 to 4.9
  • *P values for difference by sex: <0.001 across population-based data; <0.001 across hospital-based data.

  • †P values for difference by sex <0.001 across population-based data.

  • ‡Drowning fraction: Ifakara HDSS, Rufiji HDSS, SAVVY survey, Kaatano et al, 200912; Annual average drowning mortality rate: Ifakara HDSS, Rufiji HDSS, SAVVY survey.

  • §Murray et al, 2011.13

  • GBD, Global Burden of Disease; HDSS, Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases 10th revision; SAVVY, Sample Vital registration with Verbal autopsy; WHO GHE, WHO Global Health Estimates.