Young adults (20≤age≤65) | Elderly individuals (65<age) | |||||
Helmet (N=1134) | No helmet (N=4794) | P values | Helmet (N=82) | No helmet (N=1171) | P values | |
Men | 911 (80.3) | 3583 (74.7) | <0.001 | 66 (80.5) | 1005 (85.8) | 0.245 |
Age, years, mean (SD) | 43.4 (12.1) | 41.7 (13.8) | <0.001 | 70.8 (4.6) | 73.7 (5.7) | <0.001 |
Presence of MHx | 157 (13.8) | 770 (16.1) | 0.031 | 36 (43.9) | 582 (49.7) | 0.254 |
Route to ED | 0.120 | 0.308 | ||||
EMS use | 487 (42.9) | 2207 (46.0) | 53 (64.6) | 835 (71.3) | ||
Time of injury (06:00–18:00) | 1081 (95.3) | 4213 (87.9) | <0.001 | 77 (93.9) | 1109 (94.7) | 0.797 |
Date of injury (weekday) | 550 (48.5) | 2938 (61.3) | <0.001 | 50 (61.0) | 871 (74.4) | 0.010 |
Crash opponents | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Motor vehicle | 174 (15.3) | 1145 (23.9) | 23 (28.0) | 520 (44.4) | ||
Bicycle | 92 (8.1) | 179 (3.7) | 10 (12.2) | 26 (2.2) | ||
No opponents | 763 (67.3) | 2911 (60.7) | 45 (54.9) | 444 (37.9) | ||
Others | 105 (9.3) | 559 (11.7) | 4 (4.9) | 181 (15.5) | ||
Injury place | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Roadway | 339 (29.9) | 1673 (34.9) | 30 (36.6) | 600 (51.2) | ||
Bike paths | 221 (19.5) | 415 (8.7) | 13 (15.9) | 36 (3.1) | ||
Others | 574 (50.6) | 2706 (56.4) | 39 (47.6) | 535 (45.7) | ||
Purpose of bicycle riding | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
Commute | 203 (17.9) | 781 (16.3) | 19 (23.2) | 149 (12.7) | ||
Leisure | 858 (75.7) | 3331 (69.5) | 59 (72.0) | 833 (71.1) | ||
Daily activities | 73 (6.4) | 682 (14.2) | 4 (4.9) | 189 (16.1) | ||
Alert mental status | 1105 (98.8) | 4362 (97.1) | <0.001 | 80 (98.8) | 946 (87.7) | <0.001 |
ED disposition | 0.005 | 0.002 | ||||
Discharge or transfer | 936 (82.5) | 3908 (81.5) | 61 (74.4) | 648 (55.3) | ||
Admission | 184 (16.2) | 741 (15.5) | 21 (25.6) | 437 (37.3) | ||
Death in ED | 1 (0.1) | 14 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (3.0) | ||
Operation | 13 (1.1) | 131 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (4.4) | ||
Traumatic brain injury | 67 (5.9) | 377 (7.9) | 0.024 | 4 (4.9) | 170 (14.5) | 0.012 |
EMR-ISS | 0.006 | 0.001 | ||||
Severe to critical | 152 (13.4) | 797 (16.6) | 14 (17.1) | 407 (34.8) | ||
In-hospital mortality | 5 (0.4) | 39 (0.8) | 0.248 | 0 (0.0) | 70 (6.0) | 0.014 |
Values are presented as n (%). N refers to the total number of observations.
*Weekdays are from Monday to Friday.
†Severe to critical EMR-ISS scores≥25.
ED, emergency department; EMS, emergency medical services; MHx, medical history; MV, motor vehicle.