Frequency of exposures in cases and community controls and adjusted odds ratios
| Exposures | Cases n=567 | Community controls n=2320 | Adjusted OR (95% CI)§§ | Confounders adjusted for†† |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medicines | ||||
| All in CRCs/blister packs* | First child, ability to access poisons¶ | |||
| Yes | 459 (81.8) | 1991 (86.1) | 1.00 | |
| No | 102 (18.2) [6] | 321 (13.9) [8] | 1.25 (0.95,1.65) | |
| All in locked box* | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, hours out-of-home care, first child, medicines locked, medicines put away immediately after use, kitchen safety gate, medicines stored out of reach, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces | |||
| Yes | 115 (20.5) | 397 (17.2) | 1.00 | |
| No | 447 (79.5) [5] | 1914 (82.8) [9] | 0.82 (0.47,1.43) | |
| All locked away* | CRCs, HADS, PDH, kitchen safety gate, medicines stored out of reach, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 89 (16.4) | 325 (14.6) | 1.00 | |
| No | 454 (83.6) [24] 0** | 1897 (85.4) [92] 6** | 0.91 (0.64,1.31) | |
| All stored out of reach*,† | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, kitch en safety gate, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 275 (59.3) | 1374 (69.2) | 1.00 | |
| No | 189 (40.7) [101] 2** | 612 (30.8) [324] 10** | 1.59 (1.21, 2.09) | |
| All stored safely*,‡ | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, kitch en safety gate, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 315 (65.6) | 1527 (75.1) | 1.00 | |
| No | 165 (34.4) [87] | 506 (24.9) [287] | 1.83 (1.38, 2.42) | |
| Transferred into different container* | CRCs, HADS, PDH, locked medicines box, medicines locked, medicines stored out of reach | |||
| No | 533 (95) | 2206 (95.5) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 28 (5.0) [6] | 104 (4.5) [10] | 0.96 (0.52,1.76) | |
| All put away immediately after use4 | HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, medicines locked, medicines stored out of reach, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces | |||
| Yes | 298 (58.3) | 1467 (73.8) | 1.00 | |
| No | 213 (41.7) [16] 40** | 522 (26.2) [57] 274** | 2.11 (1.54, 2.90) | |
| Taught child rules about medicines | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, locked medicines box, medicines locked, medicines put away immediately after use, kitchen safety gate, medicines stored out of reach, medicines transferred to different container | |||
| Yes | 304 (56.0) | 1108 (49.3) | 1.00 | |
| No | 239 (44.0) [24] | 1138 (50.7) [74] | 0.66 (0.45, 0.96) | |
| Household products | ||||
| All in CRCs* | First child, ability to access poisons | |||
| Yes | 405 (72.5) | 1620 (70.3) | 1.00 | |
| No | 154 (27.6) [8] | 686 (29.8) [14] | 0.87 (0.69,1.10) | |
| All locked away* | CRCs, HADS, PDH, kitchen safety gate, products stored out of reach, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 156 (30.6) | 614 (27.9) | 1.00 | |
| No | 353 (69.4) [54] 4** | 1590 (72.1) [106] 10** | 0.90 (0.69,1.17) | |
| All stored out of reach*,† | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, kitchen safety gate, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 81 (16.5) | 296 (14) | 1.00 | |
| No | 409 (83.5) [73] 4** | 1823 (86.0) [191] 10** | 0.95 (0.67,1.35) | |
| All stored safely*,‡ | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, kitchen safety gate, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 240 (50.1) | 948 (45.4) | 1.00 | |
| No | 239 (49.9) [88] | 1138 (54.6) [234] | 0.77 (0.59,0.99) | |
| Transferred into different container* | CRCs, HADS, PDH, products locked, products stored out of reach | |||
| No | 545 (97.0) | 2272 (98.4) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 17 (3.0) [5] | 38 (1.7) [10] | 1.20 (0.54,2.65) | |
| All put away immediately after use§ | HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, products locked, products stored out of reach, things child could climb on to reach high surfaces | |||
| Yes | 392 (75.0) | 1834 (82.9) | 1.00 | |
| No | 131 (25.0) [30] 14** | 378 (17.1) [74] 34** | 1.79 (1.29,2.48) | |
| Did not put all away immediately after use | ||||
| Taught child rules about household products | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child, products locked, products stored out of reach, products put away immediately after use, kitchen safety gate, products transferred to different container | |||
| Yes | 343 (63.9) | 1349 (60.0) | 1.00 | |
| No | 194 (36.1) [30] | 899 (40.0) [72] | 0.81 (0.59,1.12) | |
| Other exposures | ||||
| Safety gate to stop child accessing kitchen* | HADS, PDH, first child, hours out-of-home care | |||
| Yes | 150 (26.7) | 575 (24.9) | 1.00 | |
| No | 411 (73.3) [6] | 1735 (75.1) [10] | 1.05 (0.80,1.37) | |
| Things child could climb on to reach high surfaces* | CRCs, HADS, PDH, ability to access poisons, first child | |||
| No | 281 (50.0) | 1256 (54.3) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 281 (50.0) [5] | 1056 (45.7) [8] | 1.20 (0.93,1.54) | |
| Safety practices measured only in children aged 0-36 months | Cases n=443 | Controls n=1779 | Adjusted OR (95% CI)§§ | Confounders adjusted for†† |
| Used baby walker* | HADS, PDH, first child, hours out-of-home care | |||
| No | 321 (75.7) | 1225 (69.4) | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 103 (24.3) [19] | 539 (30.6) [15] | 0.82 (0.61,1.10) | |
*In the last 24 hours.
†Out of reach=adult eye level or above.
‡Safely=out of reach or locked.
§At least some days in the last week.
¶See definition in footnote to table 2.
[missing values] **not applicable responses
††All models adjusted for Index of Multiple Deprivation and distance from hospital in addition to listed confounders.
§§Analysis includes single imputed values for hospital anxiety and depression scale and parenting daily hassles scale as described in methods
CRC, child resistant closure; CBQ, Child behaviour questionnaire; HADS, Hospital anxiety and depression scale; PDH=Parenting daily hassles scale.