Crude OR (95% CI) | p Value | MV OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Social gun culture | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 2.98 (2.53 to 3.49) | 2.25 (2.02 to 2.52) | ||
Age, years | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
19–55 | Reference | Reference | ||
>55 | 1.41 (1.28 to 1.55) | 1.22 (1.11 to 1.35) | ||
Hispanic | <0.0001 | 0.25 | ||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.64 (0.52 to 0.79) | 0.81 (0.57 to 1.16) | ||
Black race | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.62) | 0.56 (0.43 to 0.72) | ||
Gender | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
Female | Reference | Reference | ||
Male | 1.74 (1.55 to 1.96) | 1.60 (1.41 to 1.82) | ||
Marital status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
Never married | Reference | Reference | ||
Married/partner | 2.10 (1.78 to 2.47) | 1.73 (1.46 to 2.05) | ||
Divorced/widowed/separated | 1.56 (1.28 to 1.91) | 1.50 (1.23 to 1.84) | ||
Education | 0.44 | |||
Less than high school | Reference | |||
High school/GED | 1.27 (0.93 to 1.74) | |||
Some college | 1.27 (0.95 to 1.68) | |||
More than college | 1.27 (0.93 to 1.72) | |||
Unemployed | 0.008 | 0.34 | ||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 0.72 (0.56 to 0.92) | 0.90 (0.71 to 1.12) | ||
Income | <0.0001 | 0.047 | ||
<$25 000 | Reference | Reference | ||
$25 000 to <$50 000 | 1.20 (1.00 to 1.44) | 1.08 (0.89 to 1.32) | ||
≥$50 000 | 1.52 (1.33 to 1.73) | 1.18 (1.02 to 1.37) | ||
Have children | 0.66 | |||
No | Reference | |||
Yes | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.16) | |||
Speaks only English | <0.0001 | 0.55 | ||
No | Reference | Reference | ||
Yes | 1.74 (1.28 to 2.35) | 1.16 (0.71 to 1.91) | ||
Neighbourhood crime | 0.014 | 0.95 | ||
Low crime | Reference | Reference | ||
High crime | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.96) | 0.99 (0.84 to 1.17) | ||
Violence exposure | <0.0001 | 0.045 | ||
Low | Reference | Reference | ||
Medium | 1.09 (0.95 to 1.25) | 1.08 (0.93 to 1.25) | ||
High | 1.41 (1.24 to 1.60) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33) | ||
Brady Law strength score | <0.0001 | 0.003 | ||
High (≥59) | Reference | Reference | ||
Moderate (<59 to ≥24) | 1.46 (1.13 to 1.89) | 1.23 (1.01 to 1.49) | ||
Mild (<24 to ≥15.5) | 1.80 (1.42 to 2.28) | 1.41 (1.17 to 1.71) | ||
Least (<15.5) | 2.11 (1.63 to 2.73) | 1.31 (1.03 to 1.67) | ||
State gun fatality rate | <0.0001 | 0.017 | ||
Lowest (≤7.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
Low (>7.7 to ≤10.7) | 1.36 (0.84 to 2.20) | 1.16 (0.85 to 1.58) | ||
Moderate (>10.7 to ≤11.6) | 1.83 (1.14 to 2.91) | 1.29 (0.93 to 1.80) | ||
High (>11.6) | 2.26 (1.41 to 3.64) | 1.51 (1.06 to 2.13) |
Social gun culture was reporting yes to at least one of the four questions: ‘social circle thinks less of them if they did not own a gun’, ‘family thinks less of them not owning a gun’, ‘social life with family involves guns’ and ‘social life with friends involves guns’. Reference was reporting ‘no’ to all four questions.
Modified Poisson regression was using generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for clustering by states. p Values are from weighted Poisson regression with cluster option for state.
GED, General Educational Development; MV, multivariable.