Relevant papers discussing risk factors for fatal drowning in rivers (n=18)
| Reference | Country/area of country | Risk factors | Type of study |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed et al51 | Bangladesh (Matlab) | 1, 2 | Population based |
| Byard and Lipsett35 | Australia (South Australia) | 4 | Case series |
| Cass et al36 | Australia (New South Wales) | 8, 10, 18 | Case series |
| Cass et al37 | Australia (New South Wales) | 2, 9, 4 | Case series |
| Davis et al30 | USA (New Mexico) | 6, 12 | Population based |
| Fang et al39 | China (Xiamen city and suburbs) | 11 | Population based |
| Franklin et al4 | Australia | 12, 6, 7, 99 | Population based |
| Howland et al52 | USA (Massachusetts) | 3 | Telephone survey |
| Kauffman53 | USA (Potomac River–West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia, Washington DC) | 10, 3, 13, 18 | Case studies |
| Kiakalayeh et al43 | Iran (Guilan and Mazandran) | 17, 12 | Population based |
| Lunetta et al44 | Finland | 3 | Population based |
| Newman et al45 | USA (five counties of Washington State) | 4, 12, 1, 5, 7, 14 | Case series |
| Nixon et al5 | Australia (Brisbane (Queensland)) | 16 | Unknown |
| O'Hare et al46 | New Zealand | 14, 17 | Case series |
| Patetta and Biddinger47 | USA (North Carolina) | 3 | Population based |
| Riley et al48 | Australia (Tasmania) | 12 | Case series |
| Sorey et al54 | USA | 15 | Case series |
| Wentworth et al50 | Canada (Brant County) | 4, 12, 3, 6,7 | Population based |
Risk factor coding: 1, summer months; 2, exposure; 3, alcohol; 4, being male; 5, daylight hours; 6, falls into water; 7, swimming; 8, rurality; 9, risk-taking behaviour; 10, river characteristics (eg, caught in current, lost footing due to steep/sharp drop offs); 11, lack of swimming ability; 12, age; 13, not wearing lifejackets; 14, using watercraft; 15, river tree rope swings; 16, lower survival rates/more likely to experience a bad outcome; 17, resident of the area they drowned in (as opposed to a tourist); 18, lack of river knowledge; 19, monsoon period; 20, absence of supervision; 99, unknown activity.