Table 4

Changes in use of protective equipment following programs

Author(s)/study type (quality appraisal)/countryOutdoorsFarm
Oral presentation+activities

  • McCallum et al29/

  • BA (−)/USA

–

  • 8–13 years—after versus before

  • Use of eye protection when riding an all-terrain vehicle: p<0.001

  • Use of helmet when riding an all-terrain vehicle: p>0.001

Health fair+mass media

  • Forjuoh et al35/

  • BA (−)/USA

  • Children (ages NR), helmet use (after vs before) when:

–

  •  Skateboarding (p=0.01; increase of 166%)

  •  In-line skating (p=0.56; decrease of 25%)

  •  Scooter riding (p=0.15; decrease of 68%)

  • Children (ages NR), helmet use (after vs before) in:

  •  Car parks (p=0.03; increase of 63%)

  •  Playgrounds (p=0.09; decrease of 49%)

  •  Cycle paths (p=0.22; increase of 104%)

  • Children (ages NR), helmet use (after vs before) when:

  •  Alone (p<0.0001; increase of 179%)

  •  With other children (p=0.22; decrease of 23%)

  •  With adults (p=0.66; increase of 30%)

  • BA, before and after study (with no control group); NR, not reported.