Table 3

Overview of study results showing the number of outcomes and the direction and statistical significance of effect

Author(s)Study type (quality)Time of follow-upInjuriesEquipment useBehaviourAttitudesKnowledge
Oral presentation
 Frederick and Barlow17BA (−)2 months2
 Frederick et al18CBA (+)5 months3↑↑1
 Tenn & Dewis19CBA (−)4 months11
 Heck et al20BA (−)1 week1*
 Morrongiello and Mark21cRCT (+)1 month3↑↑
 Azeredo and Stephens-Stidham22CBA (−)2 weeks3↑↑1↑↑4↑↑
 Greene et al23CBA (−)1 week7
 Asher et al24RCT (+)Immediate
 Moran and Stanley25BA (−)Immediate1↑↑
Oral presentation+promotional materials
 Terzidis et al26CBA (+)1 month3
Oral presentation+activities
 Richards et al27CBA (−)1 week4
 Kendrick et al28cRCT (++)4 months1
 McCallum et al29BA (−)3 months2↑↑1↑↑
Oral presentation+safety village
 Gielen et al30BA (+)Immediate
Oral presentation+video
 Wehner and Sutton31BA (−)6 weeks13
 Wesner32CBA (+)2 weeks21↑↑
Video
 Mayer et al33RCT (++)1 months1
 Morrongiello and Matheis34cRCT (+)2 months4↑↑
Health fair+mass media
 Forjuoh et al35BA (−)At the end of 2-year intervention
Health fair
 Solis36BA (−)Immediate3↑↑
Mass media
 Bennett et al37BA (+)At the end of 3-year intervention1↑↑1↑↑
 Treser et al38BA (−)At the end of 3-year intervention1*
 D'Argenio et al39BA (−)Immediate1
  • The number of outcomes reported by a study (or the summary effect size where this was possible to calculate) is specified before the strength and direction of effect; for example 2↑ indicates that two statistically non-significant effects in the desired direction were reported. Statistical significance is defined as a (Pooled) OR where the 95% CI does not include 1, or p<0.05. All outcomes were self-reported unless otherwise indicated.

  • * Observed outcomes.

  • ↑↑ Statistically significant effect in the desired direction.

  • Statistically non-significant effect, but in the desired direction.

  • Statistically non-significant effect, but in the opposite direction to that desired.

  • BA, before and after study (with no control group); CBA, controlled before and after study; cRCT, cluster RCT; RCT, randomised controlled trial.