Table 1

Frequencies and crude ORs for demographic, risk and protective factors for gang affiliation (N=4131)

VariableTotal N (%)Gang-affiliated students (N=294)
N (%)Crude OR (95% CI)
Demographic factors
 Age
  12–13 years1222 (29.58)95 (7.77)Referent
  14–15 years1180 (28.56)105 (8.90)1.16 (0.72 to 1.88)
  16 years or older1705 (41.27)92 (5.40)0.68 (0.38 to 1.22)
  Missing24 (0.58)2 (8.33)1.08 (0.25 to 4.62)
 Sex
  Female2127 (51.49)113 (5.31)Referent
  Male1982 (47.98)179 (9.03)1.77 (1.37 to 2.28)
  Missing22 (0.53)2 (9.09)1.78 (0.38 to 8.47)
 Race/ethnicity
  White, non-Hispanic922 (22.32)43 (4.66)Referent
  African American, non-Hispanic935 (22.63)88 (9.41)2.12 (1.21 to 3.73)
  Hispanic1809 (43.79)128 (7.08)1.56 (1.05 to 2.31)
  Others, non-Hispanic416 (10.07)33 (7.93)1.76 (1.08 to 2.86)
  Missing49 (1.19)2 (4.08)0.87 (0.21 to 3.57)
Potential risk factors
 Depressed mood
  No2464 (59.65)154 (6.25)Referent
  Yes1667 (40.35)140 (8.40)1.43 (1.07 to 1.92)
 Suicidal ideation
  No3416 (82.69)210 (6.15)Referent
  Yes715 (17.31)84 (11.75)2.03 (1.62 to 2.55)
 Alcohol use
  Never2009 (48.63)81 (4.03)Referent
  Once a year to once a month1273 (30.82)83 (6.52)1.66 (1.11 to 2.47)
  2–3 days a month328 (7.94)35 (10.67)2.84 (1.76 to 4.58)
  1–2 days a week or more391 (9.47)84 (21.48)6.51 (4.64 to 9.15)
  Missing130 (3.15)11 (8.46)2.20 (0.88 to 5.52)
 Drug use
  Never3090 (74.80)139 (4.50)Referent
  Once a year to once a month409 (9.90)41 (10.02)2.37 (1.50 to 3.74)
  2–3 days a month130 (3.15)17 (13.08)3.19 (1.84 to 5.56)
  1–2 days a week or more409 (9.90)84 (20.54)5.49 (3.68 to 8.17)
  Missing93 (2.25)13 (13.98)3.45 (1.79 to 6.64)
 Delinquency
  Never1503 (36.38)29 (1.93)Referent
  1–3 times1478 (35.78)80 (5.41)2.91 (1.53 to 5.52)
  4–9 times447 (10.82)56 (12.53)7.28 (4.38 to 12.10)
  10 or more times645 (15.61)127 (19.69)12.46 (7.38 to 21.05)
  Missing58 (1.40)2 (3.48)1.82 (0.40 to 8.17)
 Peer victimisation
  No1880 (45.51)114 (7.45)Referent
  Yes2251 (54.49)180 (8.00)1.35 (1.04 to 1.74)
Potential protective factors
 Coping skills
  Low level of confidence1475 (35.71)197 (13.36)Referent
  Moderate level of confidence1472 (35.63)75 (5.10)0.35 (0.27 to 0.44)
  High level of confidence1184 (28.66)22 (1.86)0.12 (0.08 to 0.19)
 Peer support
  No2050 (49.62)173 (8.44)Referent
  Yes2081 (50.38)121 (5.81)0.67 (0.52 to 0.86)
 Parental positive reinforcement
  No1527 (36.96)130 (8.51)Referent
  Yes2604 (63.04)164 (6.30)0.72 (0.56 to 0.93)
 Parental monitoring
  Low level1480 (35.83)175 (11.82)Referent
  Moderate level1332 (32.24)75 (5.63)0.44 (0.36 to 0.55)
  High level1319 (31.93)44 (3.34)0.26 (0.20 to 0.33)
 Family support
  No1823 (44.13)173 (9.49)Referent
  Yes2308 (55.87)121 (5.24)0.53 (0.41 to 0.68)
 Adult support at school
  No268 (6.49)33 (12.31)Referent
  Yes3863 (93.51)261 (6.76)0.52 (0.28 to 0.96)
 School connectedness
  No867 (20.99)75 (8.65)Referent
  Yes3264 (79.01)219 (6.71)0.76 (0.62 to 0.92)
  • The missing response category was added to the referent group for all dichotomous variables and variables divided by tertiles.