Table 1

Table of included studies

Study IDMethodsParticipating areasInterventions
CBA, controlled before after study; I, intervention area; C, control area; GST, German six towns project; USP, UK Urban Safety Project.
Charlottenburg16 (Germany 1977–84)CBA 2 years before data(I) Residential area with small businesses. Area of about 60 hectares with 15000 inhabitantsDifferent levels of road surface, road narrowing, chicanes, staggered lanes, speed restrictions
2 years after data(C) Similar area in the same city
GST Borgentreich10–12 (Germany 1983–90)CBA 3 years before data(I) Whole town centre: mixture of residential, commercial, and farm propertiesRoad narrowing, redesigning major roads, traffic free zones, speed restrictions
3 years after data(C) Similar area in different town
GST Buxtehude10–12 (Germany 1981–87)CBA 2 years before data(I) Mixture of shopping and residential areas. Area of about 268 hectares population of about 11000Road narrowing, speed restrictions, and a wide range of traffic restraint measures
2 years after data(C) Similar area in the same city
GST Esslingen10–12 (Germany 1983–90)CBA 2 years before data(I) Mixture of residential, industrial, and commercial propertiesReconstruction of major roads, speed restrictions, and renewal of residential roads
2 years after data(C) Similar area in another town
GST Ingolstadt10–12 (Germany 1982-90)CBA 2 years before data(I) Most of the old part of the town, 5500 inhabitantsA wide range of traffic restraint measures
2 years after data(C) Similar area in another town
GST Mainz10–12 (Germany 1983-90)CBA 2 years before data(I) Rural suburb of 200 hectares with 11000 inhabitantsReconstruction of public spaces including road narrowing and narrowing of road entrances
2 years after data(C) Similar area in the same city
GST Moabit10–12 (Germany 1982-88)CBA 2 years before data(I) Residential area of about 120 hectares near the city centreRebuilding of major traffic roads, increasing level of vegetation in streets
2 years after data(C) Similar area in the same city
Rijswijk/Eindhoven15 (Netherlands 1972-86)CBA 6 years before data(I) Road districts in Rijswijk and EindhovenRoad humps, road closures and narrowing, raised cross roads. Public spaces reclassified
(C) Residential zones bordering on main traffic arteries within the boundaries of Rijswijk and Eindhoven
5 years after data
Swindon13 (UK 1975-81)CBA 2 years before data(I) 2.8 km section of an all purpose road in SwindonRoundabouts, pedestrian crossings, changes to intersections
3 years after data(C) 3 routes of similar layout and function
Sydney-Canterbury14 (Australia 1981-87)CBA 3 years before data(I) Predominantly residential area in citySpeed humps, roundabouts, slow points, speed limits
(C) Similar area in the same city
2.5 years after data
Sydney-Willoughby14 (Australia 1980-87)CBA 2 years after data(I) Predominantly residential area in cityEntry thresholds, slow points, speed humps, T-intersection treatments, roundabouts, and road closures
(C) Similar area in the same city
2 years before data
USP Bradford17CBA 5 years before data(I) Mainly residential area, population approximately 33000Junction redesign, closure of through roads, and installation of central refuges
2 years after data(C) Similar area in same city
USP Bristol18CBA 5 years before data(I) Mainly residential area of approximately 10 square km, population was approximately 32000 in about 12000 householdsJunction redesign, mini-roundabouts, right turn bans, improvement of pedestrian crossings, improved road signs and markings, road closures
2 years after data(C) Similar area in same city
USP Nelson19CBA 5 years before data(I) An area of 7 square km, population of approximately 30000 peopleJunction redesign, road closures, and mini-roundabouts
2 years after(C) Similar area in same city
USP Reading20CBA 5 years before data(I) Approximately 8 square km, with a population of about 36000 peopleRoad closures, right turn bans, mini-roundabouts
2 years after data(C) Similar area in same city
USP Sheffield21CBA 5 years before data(I) Mostly residential area covering approximately 9 square km, population approximately 50000Road closures, traffic islands, central refuges, turning restrictions
5 years after data(C) Similar area in same city