6 | Cohort (R) | n=875, elderly | Formal | Yes | Risk of first, multiple, and injurious falls: was not significantly associated with visual impairment |
48 | Cohort (P) | n=761, aged 70+ | Formal | Age only | Risk of fall: was not significantly associated with visual impairment |
17 | Cohort (P) | n=9516, aged 65+ | Formal | Yes | Risk of hip fracture: increased with poor depth perception RR 1.4 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.9) and/or low contrast sensitivity RR 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.5) |
18 | Cohort (P) | n=7575, aged 75+ | Formal | Yes | Risk of hip fracture: increased with poor visual acuity RR 1.9 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.1). In subjects with very poor visual acuity the risk of hip fracture was even higher RR 2.0 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.7) |
49 | Cohort (P) | n=1947, aged 70+ | Medical history | Yes | Odds of fall: increased in patients with a medical history of glaucoma OR 1.63 (95% CI 1.13 to 2.37) |
19 | Cohort (R) | n=2633 | Formal | Yes. | Risk of hip fracture: increased in subjects with any visual impairment RR 1.73 (95% CI 1.13 to 2.65) |
13 | Cross section | n=50, 50 | Medical notes | NA | Risk of fall: was significantly associated with blindness and poor vision |
12 | Cohort (R) | n=489, aged 65+ | Formal | Yes | Risk of serious falls: increased in subjects with 40% or greater visual field loss RR 3.0 (95% CI 0.94 to 9.8) and use of non-miotic eye medications 5.4 (95% CI 1.8 to 16.4) |
20 | Case-control | n=174 | Self report/ medical history | Yes | Odds of hip fracture: was increased in women with low distant vision (self reported) OR 4.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 16.2) |
23 | Case-control | n=24, 24 | Formal | No | Risk of wrist fracture: was lower in the group with poorer vision |
9 | Cross section | n=3299, aged 49+ | Formal | Yes | Risk of multiple falls: posterior subcapsular cataract prevalence ratio* (PR) 2.1 (95% CI 1.0 to 4.3); use of non-miotic glaucoma medication PR 2.0 (95% CI 1.1 to 3.6) low visual acuity PR 1.9 (95% CI 1.2 to 3.0); low contrast sensitivity PR 1.2 (95% CI 1.1 to 1.3). No significant association with other vision variables studied. (*The prevalence ratio is similar to relative risk) |
16 | Case-control | n=991, 910, aged 60+ | Formal | Yes | Odds of hip fracture: increased in the visually impaired. OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.0 to 1.8) |
37 | Survey (P) | n=200, aged 65+ | Formal | No | Risk of fall: significant difference between low vision of patients attending for falls compared with other those attending for other medical problems |
50 | Cross section | n=143, aged 65+ | Questionnaire | NA | Risk of fall: among patients with diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma the vision questionnaire had a 100% sensitivity in identifying patients with a history of falls |
1 | Cohort (R) | n=3722, adults | Formal | Yes | Risk of fall and hip fracture: was significantly associated with visual acuity in the over 60s, in the under 60s risk was only associated with some vision measures |
21 | Case-control | n=129, aged 65+ | Case notes | Yes | Odds of in hospital hip fracture: were higher in the visually impaired OR 1.97 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.30) |
51 | Cohort (P) | n=341, aged 65+ | Formal | Age only | Risk of multiple falls: significantly increased in subjects with poor visual acuity and/or a low ability to perceive contrast |
22 | Cohort (R) | n=53, 530 | Case notes | Age/sex only | Risk of second hip fracture: was significantly increased in the blind/ and those with low vision |
11 | Cohort (P) | n=336, aged 75+ | Formal | Yes | Risk of fall: was higher in the visually impaired subjects RR 1.7 (95% CI 1.2 to 2.3) |
52 | Cohort (P) | n=927, aged 72+ | Formal | No | Risk of multiple falls: was higher in visually impaired RR 1.6 (95% CI 1.1 to 2.4) |
4 | Cohort (R) | n=165 | Blind | No | Risk of fall: the blind demonstrated a higher risk than the deaf or non-impaired populations |