Birth order of child | First | 29 (30) | 54 (38) | 1 | Reference | 0.67 |
| Second | 30 (31) | 38 (26) | 1.3 | 0.7–2.6 | |
| Third or later | 39 (40) | 52 (36) | 1.2 | 0.7–2.2 | |
Child not speak English* | | 62 (63) | 73 (51) | 2.1 | 1.1–3.7 | 0.02 |
Mother not speak English† | | 62 (64) | 95 (66) | 1.0 | 0.6–1.7 | 0.96 |
Father not speak English‡ | | 47 (64) | 57 (47) | 2.2 | 1.0–4.6 | 0.03 |
Mother's education† | 0–5 years | 29 (30) | 31 (22) | 1.0 | | 0.31 |
| 6–9 years | 37 (38) | 62 (43) | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | |
| 10 or more years | 31 (32) | 50 (35) | 0.6 | 0.3–1.2 | |
Father's education‡ | 0–5 years | 26 (35) | 29 (24) | 1.0 | Reference | 0.54 |
| 6–9 years | 32 (43) | 57 (47) | 0.7 | 0.3–1.5 | |
| 10 or more | 16 (22) | 35 (29) | 0.6 | 0.3–1.5 | |
Mother not read well† | | 15 (15) | 11 (8) | 3.6 | 1.3–10 | 0.01 |
Father not read well‡ | | 16 (22) | 6 (5) | 5.6 | 1.5–20 | 0.003 |
Years since mother came | US born | 15 (15) | 23 (16) | 1.0 | Reference | 0.76 |
to US† | ≥10 | 37 (38) | 60 (42) | 1.0 | 0.5–2.2 | |
| 0–9 years | 45 (46)) | 60 (42)) | 1.2 | 0.6–2.6 | |
Mother does not drive† | | 58 (60) | 69 (48) | 1.6 | 0.9–2.6 | 0.09 |
Father does not drive‡ | | 8 (11) | 8 (7) | 0.6 | 0.2–2.0 | 0.43 |
Mother of rural origin† | | 35 (36) | 51 (36) | 1.0 | 0.5–1.7 | 0.88 |
Father of rural origin‡ | | 27 (36) | 49 (40) | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 | 0.29 |
Mother's age† | 18–24 years | 26 (27)) | 31 (22) | 1.0 | Reference | 0.34 |
| ≥25 years | 71 (73)) | 112 (78) | 0.7 | 0.4–1.4 | |