Examples of study designs commonly used in the evaluation of injury interventions: non-experimental designs
| Adapted from Shortell and Richardson, 1978.23 | |
| (1) One shot case study | |
| Group 1 | Intervene→observe |
| Example: monitored fatal child refrigerator entrapments in California after state and federal laws enacted15 | |
| (2) One group pretest/post-test | |
| Group 1 | Observe→intervene→observe |
| Example: assessed fatal child window falls in New York City before and after community education and window guard program44 | |
| (3) Static group comparison | |
| Group 1 | Intervene→observe |
| Group 2 | No action→observe |
| Examples: surveyed smoke detectors,41 pool drownings,45 and firearm deaths27 in similar cities or counties with and without regulatory interventions | |