| French data | Spanish data | ||||||||
| Characteristic | No | Percentage with whiplash | RR (95% CI) | Characteristic | No | Percentage with whiplash | RR (95% CI) | ||
| Severity apart from whiplash | Severity apart from whiplash | ||||||||
| Ref* | 5314 | 7.8 | Referent | Ref* | 6735 | 9.1 | Referent | ||
| MAIS 1 | 2463 | 21.4 | 2.78 (2.41 to 3.16) | MAIS 1 | 652 | 40.0 | 4.38 (3.89 to 4.94) | ||
| MAIS 2 | 716 | 15.5 | 1.99 (1.61 to 2.45) | MAIS ⩾2 | 159 | 17.6 | 1.93 (1.37 to 2.72) | ||
| MAIS ⩾3 | 227 | 3.5 | 0.45 (0.22 to 0.91) | ||||||
| Total | 8720 | Total | 7546 | ||||||
| Impact area† | Type of crash† | ||||||||
| Front to front (head-on) | 2817 | 12.5 | Referent | Front to front (head-on) | 225 | 13.8 | Referent | ||
| Front to rear end | 1227 | 6.8 | 0.54 (0.43 to 0.69) | Front to rear end | 1882 | 4.3 | 0.31 (0.21 to 0.46) | ||
| Front to side | 782 | 8.6 | 0.68 (0.53 to 0.89) | Front to side | 2943 | 11.0 | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.13) | ||
| Left side | 1276 | 14.4 | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.38) | Side‡ | 577 | 4.5 | 0.33 (0.20 to 0.54) | ||
| Right side | 1059 | 9.9 | 0.79 (0.64 to 0.98) | ||||||
| Rear end | 1086 | 20.3 | 1.62 (1.37 to 1.92) | Rear end | 1397 | 30.5 | 2.21 (1.58 to 3.01) | ||
| Total | 8247 | Total | 7024 | ||||||
| Type of road | Type of road | ||||||||
| Roads/motorways | 3273 | 12.3 | 1.02 (0.90 to 1.15) | Beltway/arterial | 2303 | 13.1 | 1.14 (1.01 to 1.30) | ||
| Streets/other | 5447 | 12.1 | Referent | Streets/other | 5255 | 11.5 | Referent | ||
| Total | 8720 | Total | 7558 | ||||||
| Location | |||||||||
| Not Urban | 2061 | 12.0 | 0.99 (0.85 to 1.14) | ||||||
| Urban | 6659 | 12.2 | Referent | ||||||
| Total | 8720 | ||||||||
| Crossing | Crossing | ||||||||
| No | 4133 | 12.5 | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.07) | No | 3265 | 11.8 | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.10) | ||
| Yes | 4587 | 11.8 | Referent | Yes | 4293 | 12.1 | Referent | ||
| Total | 8720 | Total | 7558 | ||||||
| Time of day | Time of day | ||||||||
| Day | 5252 | 12.9 | 1.16 (1.03 to 1.32) | Day | 4412 | 13.0 | 1.24 (1.09 to 1.41) | ||
| Night | 3468 | 11.1 | Referent | Night | 3146 | 10.5 | Referent | ||
| Total | 8720 | Total | 7558 | ||||||
| Weekend | Weekend | ||||||||
| No | 5897 | 13.3 | 1.38 (1.20 to 1.58) | No | 4029 | 12.8 | 1.19 (1.05 to 1.36) | ||
| Yes | 2823 | 9.7 | Referent | Yes | 2629 | 10.7 | Referent | ||
| Total | 8720 | Total | 7558 | ||||||
| Traffic density | |||||||||
| Fluid | 6421 | 11.4 | Referent | ||||||
| Dense | 1032 | 14.8 | 1.30 (1.11 to 1.53) | ||||||
| Traffic jam | 7558 | 18.1 | 1.59 (1.05 to 2.40) | ||||||
| Total | |||||||||
| Car mass (kg) | |||||||||
| 500–800 | 673 | 17.8 | Referent | ||||||
| 800–1000 | 2680 | 14.5 | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.99) | ||||||
| 1000–1200 | 1309 | 10.7 | 0.60 (0.47 to 0.77) | ||||||
| 1200+ | 953 | 8.9 | 0.50 (0.38 to 0.66) | ||||||
| Total | 5615 | ||||||||
| Seatbelt wearing | Seatbelt wearing | ||||||||
| No/unknown | 253 | 17.4 | 1.38 (1.02 to 1.86) | No/unknown | 530 | 15.7 | 1.15 (0.93 to 1.42) | ||
| Yes | 7197 | 12.6 | Referent | Yes | 4115 | 13.7 | Referent | ||
| Total | 7450 | Total | 4645 | ||||||
| Age | Age | ||||||||
| 16–24 | 2133 | 11.4 | 0.83 (0.70 to 0.98) | 16–24 | 1284 | 15.4 | 1.38 (1.15 to 1.65) | ||
| 25–34 | 2380 | 13.7 | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.16) | 25–34 | 2163 | 14.8 | 1.32 (1.13 to 1.56) | ||
| 35–49 | 2342 | 13.7 | Referent | 35–49 | 1942 | 11.2 | Referent | ||
| 50–64 | 1314 | 10.1 | 0.73 (0.60 to 0.89) | 50–64 | 1195 | 12.3 | 1.10 (0.90 to 1.34) | ||
| ⩾65 | 491 | 7.1 | 0.52 (0.37 to 0.73) | ⩾65 | 301 | 7.3 | 0.65 (0.43 to 0.99) | ||
| Total | 8660 | Total | 6885 | ||||||
| Sex | Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 6235 | 8.2 | Referent | Male | 5781 | 11.3 | Referent | ||
| Female | 2485 | 22.1 | 2.69 (2.39 to 3.03) | Female | 1011 | 24.7 | 2.19 (1.92 to 2.49) | ||
| Total | 8720 | Total | 6792 | ||||||
*This category includes non-injured drivers as well as drivers who have only sustained a whiplash injury.
†Main location of impact for the car driver: in cases of frontal impact, details are given for the impact location on the other car (front, rear, side).
‡Distinction between left and right side is not recorded.
MAIS, maximum abbreviated injury score.