| Characteristic/exposure | Crashes* | Days off work† |
| Participant characteristics | ||
| Gender | ||
| Male (n = 1806) | Referent | Referent |
| Female (n = 657) | 0.90 (0.74 to 1.11) | 2.08 (0.76 to 5.72) |
| Age group | ||
| 16–34 (n = 472) | 1.01 (0.81 to 1.27) | 1.77 (0.56 to 5.57) |
| 35–49 (n = 1270) | Referent | Referent |
| 50–64 (n = 683) | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | 1.00 (0.35 to 2.89) |
| 65+ (n = 44) | 0.76 (0.39 to 1.47) | 1.13 (0.06 to 20.76) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Maori (n = 104) | 0.73 (0.47 to 1.16) | 0.41 (0.05 to 3.40) |
| Non-Maori (n = 2365) | Referent | Referent |
| Highest education level achieved | ||
| Not university (n = 1150) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.02) | 1.00 (0.40 to 2.51) |
| University (n = 1313) | Referent | Referent |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
| <25 (normal) (n = 1270) | Referent | Referent |
| 25–30 (overweight) (n = 900) | 1.10 (0.91 to 1.33) | 0.85 (0.34 to 2.18) |
| >30 (obese) (n = 178) | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.38) | 0.19 (0.04 to 1.05) |
| Bicycling characteristics | ||
| Experience (years) | ||
| 0–2 (n = 1024) | Referent | Referent |
| 3–5 (n = 560) | 0.71 (0.57 to 0.89) | 0.47 (0.16 to 1.37) |
| 6–10 (n = 380) | 0.71 (0.55 to 0.91) | 0.17 (0.05 to 0.54) |
| >10 (n = 615) | 0.81 (0.66 to 0.99) | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.37) |
| Average riding speed (km/h) | ||
| <20 (n = 613) | 2.09 (1.71 to 2.55) | 3.52 (1.30 to 9.48) |
| 20–30 (n = 1029) | Referent | Referent |
| >30 (n = 388) | 0.81 (064 to 1.04) | 0.20 (0.06 to 0.67) |
| Ever ride off road? | ||
| Yes (n = 937) | 1.68 (1.41 to 2.00) | 1.46 (0.58 to 3.70) |
| No (n = 1519) | Referent | Referent |
| Ever ride in dark? | ||
| Yes (n = 1376) | Referent | Referent |
| No (n = 1083) | 0.75 (0.20 to 2.82) | 0.61 (0.24 to 1.60) |
| Ever ride in bunch? | ||
| Yes (n = 1757) | Referent | Referent |
| No (n = 693) | 1.09 (0.89 to 1.34) | 0.26 (0.09 to 0.75) |
| Kind of bike most commonly used | ||
| Road (n = 2146) | Referent | Referent |
| Other (309) | 1.53 (1.10 to 2.14) | 0.96 (0.23 to 4.01) |
| Always wear helmet? | ||
| Yes (n = 2435) | Referent | Referent |
| No (n = 24) | 1.91 (0.86 to 4.24) | 0.47 (0.01 to 30.93) |
| Always use back light cycling in dark?‡ | ||
| Yes (n = 1272) | Referent | Referent |
| No (n = 103) | 1.59 (1.09 to 2.31) | 1.53 (0.26 to 8.85) |
| Always use front light cycling in dark?‡ | ||
| Yes (n = 1200) | Referent | Referent |
| No (n = 179) | 0.83 (0.55 to 1.27) | 0.87 (0.22 to 3.42) |
| Always wear fluorescent colors? | ||
| Yes (n = 735) | 0.73 (0.57 to 0.93) | 0.23 (0.09 to 0.59) |
| No (n = 1713) | Referent | Referent |
Crashes are defined as rendering the cyclist unable to complete their daily activities for >24 h.
*Adjusted (negative binomial regression) for age group, gender, off-road cycling, cycling in dark, average cycling speed, bike type, years of cycling experience, back light use in dark, fluorescent colour use and exposure (kilometers cycled per year).
†Adjusted (negative binomial regression) for age group, gender, average cycling speed, years of cycling experience, bunch riding and exposure (kilometers cycled per year).
‡Only participants who reported ever cycling in the dark were analysed.