| Characteristic/exposure | Crashes | Days off work from bicycle crash | ||
| Mean (95% CI) | Unadjusted RR(95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Unadjusted RR(95% CI) | |
| Participant characteristics | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male (n = 1806) | 0.53 (0.46 to 0.59) | Referent | 0.40 (0.17 to 0.63) | Referent |
| Female (n = 657) | 0.43 (0.36 to 0.5) | 1.04 (0.85 to 1.27) | 0.36 (0.15 to 0.58) | 1.09 (0.45 to 2.65) |
| Age group | ||||
| 16–34 (n = 472) | 0.67 (0.51 to 0.82) | 1.24 (0.99 to 1.55) | 0.40 (0.08 to 0.73) | 0.88 (0.31 to 2.45) |
| 35–49 (n = 1270) | 0.49 (0.42 to 0.56) | Referent | 0.44 (0.14 to 0.74) | Referent |
| 50–64 (n = 683) | 0.42 (0.36 to 0.47) | 0.80 (0.65 to 0.98) | 0.29 (0.07 to 0.52) | 0.34 (0.14 to 0.84) |
| 65+ (n = 44) | 0.41 (0.15 to 0.67) | 0.75 (0.38 to 1.47) | 0.43 (−0.24 to 1.11) | 0.31 (0.02 to 5.63) |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Maori (n = 104) | 0.36 (0.21 to 0.5) | 0.77 (0.48 to 1.23) | 0.26 (−0.08 to 0.61) | 0.96 (0.51 to 1.79) |
| Non-Maori (n = 2365) | 0.51 (0.46 to 0.56) | Referent | 0.40 (0.21 to 0.58) | Referent |
| Highest education level achieved | ||||
| Not university (n = 1150) | 0.46 (0.38 to 0.53) | 0.92 (0.77 to 1.10) | 0.43 (0.16 to 0.71) | 1.08 (0.50 to 2.35) |
| University (n = 1313) | 0.53 (0.47 to 0.6) | Referent | 0.35 (0.13 to 0.56) | Referent |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <25 (normal) (n = 1270) | 0.53 (0.47 to 0.58) | Referent | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.54) | Referent |
| 25–30 (overweight) (n = 900) | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.58) | 1.14 (0.94 to 1.38) | 0.50 (0.08 to 0.91) | 2.13 (0.95 to 4.78) |
| >30 (obese) (n = 178) | 0.41 (0.30 to 0.52) | 0.95 (0.67 to 1.37) | 0.07 (0.00 to 0.14) | 0.30 (0.06 to 1.44) |
| Bicycling characteristics | ||||
| Experience (years) | ||||
| 0–2 (n = 1024) | 0.50 (0.42 to 0.58) | Referent | 0.47 (0.13 to 0.82) | Referent |
| 3–5 (n = 560) | 0.47 (0.40 to 0.53) | 0.69 (0.55 to 0.86) | 0.37 (0.03 to 0.72) | 1.17 (0.45 to 3.06) |
| 6–10 (n = 380) | 0.43 (0.35 to 0.52) | 0.69 (0.54 to 0.89) | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.18) | 0.18 (0.06 to 0.56) |
| >10 (n = 615) | 0.56 (0.43 to 0.68) | 0.89 (0.72 to 1.09) | 0.41 (0.12 to 0.70) | 0.77 (0.30 to 2.00) |
| Average riding speed (km/h) | ||||
| <20 (n = 613) | 0.55 (0.40 to 0.7) | 2.25 (1.84 to 2.75) | 0.55 (0.15 to 0.94) | 2.25 (1.84 to 2.75) |
| 20–30 (n = 1029) | 0.49 (0.43 to 0.55) | Referent | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.41) | Referent |
| >30 (n = 388) | 0.53 (0.43 to 0.63) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.09) | 0.14 (0.00 to 0.28) | 0.86 (0.67 to 1.09) |
| Ever ride off road? | ||||
| Yes (n = 937) | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.78) | 4.05 (2.99 to 5.49) | 0.55 (0.13 to 0.97) | 1.92 (0.87 to 4.23) |
| No (n = 1519) | 0.40 (0.36 to 0.44) | Referent | 0.30 (0.16 to 0.43) | Referent |
| Ever ride in dark? | ||||
| Yes (n = 1376) | 0.63 (0.55 to 0.71) | Referent | 0.47 (0.24 to 0.69) | Referent |
| No (n = 1083) | 0.34 (0.29 to 0.38) | 0.72 (0.60 to 0.87) | 0.30 (0.01 to 0.60) | 0.79 (0.36 to 1.72) |
| Ever ride in bunch? | ||||
| Yes (n = 1757) | 0.55 (0.49 to 0.62) | Referent | 0.48 (0.24 to 0.73) | Referent |
| No (n = 693) | 0.38 (0.32 to 0.44) | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.47) | 0.16 (0.02 to 0.3) | 0.89 (0.37 to 2.16) |
| Kind of bike most commonly used | ||||
| Road (n = 2146) | 0.49 (0.44 to 0.54) | Referent | 0.43 (0.22 to 0.63) | Referent |
| Other (n = 309) | 0.58 (0.36 to 0.79) | 2.33 (1.81 to 3.00) | 0.17 (−0.03 to 0.37) | 0.70 (0.21 to 2.28) |
| Always wear helmet? | ||||
| Yes (n = 2435) | 0.50 (0.45 to 0.55) | Referent | 0.4 (0.22 to 0.58) | Referent |
| No (n = 24) | 0.75 (0.19 to 1.31) | 2.85 (1.22 to 6.68) | 0.08 (−0.09 to 0.26) | 0.19 (0.00 to 12.88) |
| Always use back light cycling in dark?* | ||||
| Yes (n = 1272) | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.69) | Referent | 0.43 (0.21 to 0.64) | Referent |
| No (n = 103) | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.19) | 2.18 (1.47 to 3.23) | 0.93 (−0.38 to 2.24) | 2.43 (0.47 to 12.54) |
| Always use front light cycling in dark?* | ||||
| Yes (n = 1200) | 0.63 (0.54 to 0.72) | Referent | 0.44 (0.22 to 0.67) | Referent |
| No (n = 179) | 0.65 (0.47 to 0.83) | 1.35 (0.97 to 1.87) | 0.60 (−0.15 to 1.36) | 1.40 (0.39 to 5.09) |
| Always wear fluorescent colors? | ||||
| Yes (n = 735) | 0.38 (0.32 to 0.44) | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.88) | 0.23 (0.09 to 0.37) | 0.22 (0.10 to 0.51) |
| No (n = 1713) | 0.55 (0.49 to 0.62) | Referent | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.71) | Referent |
Crashes are defined as rendering the cyclist unable to complete their daily activities for >24 h. Unadjusted rate ratio was modeled using negative binomial regression, adjusted for exposure (km cycled/year).
*Only participants who reported ever cycling in the dark were analysed.