Promotional activities and enforcement employed in addition to helmet legislation for locations of included studies
| Cote, 1992 | Cameron, 1994 | Ni, 1997 | Foss, 2000 | Kanny, 2001 | LeBlanc, 2002 | Thomas, 2002 | Delamater, 2003 | Liller, 2003 | Parkin, 2003 | Hagel, 2005 | Povey, 2005 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ✓, Response received (affirmative); −, response received (“not used”); +, used data available in the paper; ?, response unavailable and unclear in the manuscript. | ||||||||||||
| Promotional activity before legislation | ||||||||||||
| Helmet price discount | − | + | ✓ | + | + | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Print media campaign | ✓ | + | ✓ | + | ? | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Radio media campaign | ✓ | + | ✓ | + | ? | ✓ | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| TV media | ✓ | + | ✓ | + | ? | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | − | ✓ |
| Spot checks/fake ticketing | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ |
| Bicycle clinics | − | + | − | ? | ? | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Other | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Enforcement of the helmet law | ||||||||||||
| Verbal warnings | ? | ✓ | ? | + | ✓ | − | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Ticket issued, no payment required | ✓ | + | ✓ | ? | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ticket issued, reduced payment required | − | + | ✓ | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Ticket issued, full payment required | ✓ | ? | ✓ | ? | + | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ |
| Other | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ | − | − | − | |||
| Overall assessment | ||||||||||||
| No law enforcement | − | ? | − | ? | − | − | − | ✓ | − | − | − | − |
| Very limited enforcement | − | ? | − | ? | ? | − | − | − | ✓ | − | ✓ | − |
| Somewhat limited enforcement | − | ? | − | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Enforcement neither limited nor aggressive | ✓ | + | ✓ | ? | ? | ✓ | − | − | − | − | − | ✓ |
| Enforcement was somewhat aggressive | − | ? | − | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Enforcement was somewhat aggressive | − | ? | − | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Strict law enforcement | − | ? | − | ? | ? | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |