I personally understand the consternation of people regarding guns
and gun use. Many people, never having had guns in their lives don't understand the benefits to people (of sound mind) and
wish to cast all gun owners as criminals or just 'unintelligent'.
I grew up with guns in the home. All of my
friends around the US have as well. I have never known any of these people
to have anything but the...
I personally understand the consternation of people regarding guns
and gun use. Many people, never having had guns in their lives don't understand the benefits to people (of sound mind) and
wish to cast all gun owners as criminals or just 'unintelligent'.
I grew up with guns in the home. All of my
friends around the US have as well. I have never known any of these people
to have anything but the highest respect for what guns can do and none of
them have ever had or been involved in a bad incident involving guns.
I read in the papers of many people in bar fights or fights at home that
resulted in death or injuries from knives. Should the anti gun crowd start
an anti knife crusade? It is my belief that if you do not like guns and
what they can do, stay away from them. That is your choice, but until you
call for the illimination of knives, ball bats, pipes, or even breathing as
it too can be hazardous to your health. Leave the guns alone!
It is timely that Chamberlain and Solomon [1] are proposing an
extended zero blood alcohol limit for young drivers and it will definitely
save more young lives; however, we believe that drinking and driving is an
important part of this complex problem and we have to streamline all other
Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) components in order to realize the
significant impact of GDL in saving our children in...
It is timely that Chamberlain and Solomon [1] are proposing an
extended zero blood alcohol limit for young drivers and it will definitely
save more young lives; however, we believe that drinking and driving is an
important part of this complex problem and we have to streamline all other
Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) components in order to realize the
significant impact of GDL in saving our children in the future.
For more than a century alcohol has been recognized as one of the
principal risk factors for motor vehicle crashes.[2] Alcohol-related motor
vehicle crashes represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality,
particularly in young people, carrying an immeasurable human cost, as well
as an enormous burden to society. Eighty-one percent of Canadians have
rated drinking and driving as one of the most significant social issues
they must face today, placing it ahead of other prominent issues,
including health care, pollution, and the state of the economy.[3]
Young drivers continue to be a major traffic safety concern. Several
factors contribute to the increased risk of traffic crash-related
fatalities among adolescents and young adults including less experience
driving, higher rates of drinking and driving, excessive speeding and
lower rates of seat belt use. Given the significance of alcohol impaired
driving to youth mortality, a key issue is to enhance the effectiveness of
prevention policy and programming. Mothers Against Drunk Driving Canada
has recommended that the zero BAC limits for young drivers be extended to
the age of 21.[1]
Previous studies in other countries have also shown that an increased
BAC limit is a difficult transition for young drivers (after GDL from a
zero tolerance of alcohol to a dangerously higher BAC limit) and it was a
major factor which contributed to their increased crash involvement in
Australia. [4] Another recent study showed that new drivers experienced a
difficult transition from the zero tolerance policy to the adult driver
BAC limit (0.08 percent).This has been compromising overall traffic safety
in New Zealand. [5]
In addition, New South Wales introduced extended zero tolerance laws
to their new drivers.[6] Young drivers are inexperienced not only in
driving but also in drinking and when they combine the two activities,
this could be deadly. It is not surprising given that the risks of a fatal
crash while driving at the current Canadian legal BAC limit (and in many
other motorized countries including New Zealand, UK, USA) are alarmingly
high even for experienced mature drivers.
The legal BAC limit in most motorized countries is too high; people
often mistakenly believe that they may drive up to a BAC of 0.08 percent,
overlooking the fact that driving is still impaired at lower
concentrations. To set a blood alcohol limit so high that a 72 kg man can
drink four bottles of beer and still be under the legal limit has
consequences for drunk drivers, passengers of the vehicle and all other
innocent vulnerable road users. Importantly, it may adversely influence a
person’s estimates of their relative risk of injury or death while
driving. Therefore drinking and driving legislation policies and decisions
about enforcement need to be hinged on the scientific evidence. [2]
As Rivara and colleagues (2001) [7] pointed out, one of the most
effective enabling factors for injury control is legislation. Importantly,
laws must be capable of communicating the public health and traffic safety
hazards of drinking and driving. As veteran pediatric injury prevention
experts like Simons-Morton and Winston (2006) [8] have shown, laws have
the power to change drivers’ perceptions of the value of safety practices.
However, we must understand that the youth traffic crash problem is
interwoven with several other factors. [9] Therefore, it is important to
have an overall approach that is built on the foundation of GDL laws to
prevent young driver crashes. We should push for more comprehensive
legislation and better enforcement based on the currently available best
evidence.
To achieve the Canadian national road safety strategy target 2010,
various road safety strategies for new drivers must receive priority. [10]
It is evident that our current GDL laws have been steering young drivers
in the right direction. However, in addition to extended zero BAC limits,
until a complete cell phone ban, maximum speed limits, and compulsory seat
belt laws are incorporated into the graduated licensing system throughout
Canada, it is unlikely that the national road safety strategy target for
2010 will be achieved. One of the major reasons teens are killed or
seriously injured when involved in traffic crashes is lack of seat belt
use. It is well known that when drivers drink and drive, they tend to lack
seat belt use. If we have effective policies that separate drinking and
driving we could reduce non-belted youth drivers in our communities. In
addition, GDL laws that explicitly include requirements for seat belt use
in all phases, and sanctions that prohibit “graduation” to the next
licensing phase if there is a seat belt citation, could increase teen seat
belt use substantially. A zero-tolerance program for nonuse of safety
belts, use of cell phone while driving and exceeding safe posted speed
limits could be implemented, with immediate loss of license or other
administrative penalties resulting for non-compliance. One major step we
need to take irrespective of anything urgently is that we need to promote
responsible driving among our children.
No policy can be effective unless it is adequately implemented and
enforced, and there is awareness of both the policy and the enforcement
efforts on the part of the intended targets. As with all above zero-tolerance programs, enforcement and strategic media campaigns to increase
youth’s awareness of the law and of its enforcement efforts could
significantly increase the effectiveness of these laws.
References
[1]. Chamberlain E, Solomon R. Zero blood alcohol concentration
limits for drivers under 21: lessons from Canada. Inj Prev. 2008;
14(2):123-128.
[2].Desapriya EB. Alcohol limit for drink driving should be much
lower. BMJ 2004; 328(7444):855-6.
[3]. Beirness, D.J., Simpson, H.M., Mayhew, D.R., et al; The Road
Safety Monitor 2005- Drinking and Driving- Traffic Injury Research
Foundation 2005
[4]. Senserrick TM. Graduation from a zero to .05 BAC restriction in
an Australian graduated licensing system: a difficult transition for young
drivers? Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2003;47:215-31.
[5]. Senserrick, T., Harworth, N., Review of literature regarding
National International young driver training licensing and regulatory
systems. Melbourne: Monash University Accident Research Centre, 2005.
[6]. Keall M.D., Frith W.J., Patterson T.L. The influence of alcohol,
age and number of passengers on the night-time risk of driver fatal injury
in New Zealand.
Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(1):49-61.
[7]. Rivara FP, Bennett E, Crispin B, Kruger K, Ebel E, Sarewitz A.
Booster seats for child passengers: lessons learned for increasing their
use. Inj Prev. 2001;7(3):210-3.
[8]. Simons-Morton BG, Winston FK. Translational research in child
and adolescent transportation safety. Eval Health Prof. 2006;29:33 DOI:
10.1177/0163278705284442.
[9].Desapriya E, Joshi P, Pike I. Effects of graduated driver
licensing on fatalities in 16-year-olds. Pediatrics 2006;118(5):2252-3.
[10]. Canada’s Road Safety Targets to 2010
http://www.tc.gc.ca/roadsafety/tp/tp13736/pdf/CRS_Target.pdf (accessed
15th March 2008)
It is understandable that a high school student can survey local
newspaper articles and some associated police reports and get school
credit for a project that has no scientific validity or value. It is
disappointing but not surprising that the student's local newspaper
published a story about the invalid project. It is shocking that a
purportedly scholarly journal (Injury Prevention) accepted the no...
It is understandable that a high school student can survey local
newspaper articles and some associated police reports and get school
credit for a project that has no scientific validity or value. It is
disappointing but not surprising that the student's local newspaper
published a story about the invalid project. It is shocking that a
purportedly scholarly journal (Injury Prevention) accepted the nonsense
for publication. If this is what it takes to fill an issue, perhaps you
should publish less frequently and raise the standards for article review
and acceptance. That is the only reality check offered by Denton and
Fabricius.
Reference
1. J F Denton and W V Fabricius. Reality check: using newspapers, police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use. Inj Prev 2004; 10: 96-98.
One strategy to increase the bubble around you is to put a side flag
on your passing side. Drivers then give you more room. EG, see
http://www.bikecommuters.com/2007/08/18/d-tour-bicycle-safety-flag-first-
impression/
I read with interest the article by Whitfield and Whitefield that recently appeared in Injury Prevention.[1]
I share their concern in identifying traffic safety issues as early as
possible. Unfortunately the authors have made some unwarranted
assumptions about the FARS data system and analysis based on it.
We do not find any problem with the statistics on tire problems or
fires that were repo...
I read with interest the article by Whitfield and Whitefield that recently appeared in Injury Prevention.[1]
I share their concern in identifying traffic safety issues as early as
possible. Unfortunately the authors have made some unwarranted
assumptions about the FARS data system and analysis based on it.
We do not find any problem with the statistics on tire problems or
fires that were reported in the article. However, there is a major
difference between identifying patterns in data of a known problem and
identifying an unknown problem with patterns of data. It does not matter
if a Poisson procedure [as used in this paper], control charts, or outlier
analysis is used to identify the potential problems.
The authors have correctly pointed out that post-analysis of the FARS
data, after a problem has been identified, shows the extent of a problem
with tires and Ford Explorers compared to similar vehicles. A similar
effort was completed by NHTSA.
However, any actual safety issues that could be identified a-priori
through FARS would be scattered among literally thousands of combinations
of vehicles and attributes. The authors examined two possible
combinations knowing the problems were there. Not knowing that a safety
defect exists in advance, the authors' recommended technique, or any other
statistical technique, will produce many false positive results from the
large number of possible safety issues. The authors have not addressed
the problem of false positives.
The analysis also suffers from the assumption that if one of the
related factors occurs in a crash, then it will be coded in FARS. This,
however, is correct if and only if, the information is collected on police
crash report and is available to the FARS analyst to code.
The FARS data is a national treasure that documents every fatal crash
that has occurred on a public roadway since 1975. For close to thirty
years, government, academia, and the private sector have used these data
to evaluate a large variety of traffic safety related issues. However,
FARS has its limitations. For this reason, in 2003 DOT undertook a new
data collection effort, the Early Warning Reporting system to quickly
identify safety issues within the fleet. The first data from that system
have been received by the department and is currently being analyzed.
Reference
1. R A Whitfield and A K Whitfield. Improving surveillance for injuries associated with potential motor vehicle safety defects. Inj Prev 2004; 10: 88-92.
We are grateful for the letter of Desapriya et al. regarding our
recent Special Feature, and agree with the sentiments it expresses. We,
too, view our proposal to extend BAC limits to the age of 21 as part of a
much larger initiative to reduce traffic crashes among youth. Indeed, we
outlined a more comprehensive approach to the issue in our 2006 report,
Youth and Impaired Driving in Canada: Oppor...
We are grateful for the letter of Desapriya et al. regarding our
recent Special Feature, and agree with the sentiments it expresses. We,
too, view our proposal to extend BAC limits to the age of 21 as part of a
much larger initiative to reduce traffic crashes among youth. Indeed, we
outlined a more comprehensive approach to the issue in our 2006 report,
Youth and Impaired Driving in Canada: Opportunities for Progress, which
was published by MADD Canada and Allstate Insurance. The report includes
proposals not only for graduated licensing and extended BAC restrictions,
but also for more effective police enforcement powers and the regulation
of alcohol sales. The full report can be downloaded at www.madd.ca.
IP is gaining a reputation in the cycling community as
a journal lacking in objectivity when it concerns the
effectiveness of bicycle helmets. Its past zealous
defence of flaws found in helmet research that IP has
published gives cause for concern.
Its latest silence over the identification of a
serious calculation error (Annan [1]) raises serious ethical questions
as well as doubts about...
IP is gaining a reputation in the cycling community as
a journal lacking in objectivity when it concerns the
effectiveness of bicycle helmets. Its past zealous
defence of flaws found in helmet research that IP has
published gives cause for concern.
Its latest silence over the identification of a
serious calculation error (Annan [1]) raises serious ethical questions
as well as doubts about the competence of IP's peer
reviewers.
Isn't it time to put the Editor's personal views on
bicycle helmets aside and let the science prevail even
if he doesn't like the outcomes?
1. Annan JD. Fundamental error in "Trends in serious head injuries..." Cook and Sheikh 2003 [electronic response to
Cook and A Sheikh; Trends in serious head injuries among English cyclists and pedestrians] injuryprevention.com 2004http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/9/3/266#59
First I want to thank the authors for an excellent study. As the
authors discuss, the benefit of using photoelectric technology to reduce
smoke alarm disablement and thereby fire deaths has never been adequately
communicated to the public. (Note: This author has made repeated
requests, accompanied by extensive research, to the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA), Underwriters Laboratories...
First I want to thank the authors for an excellent study. As the
authors discuss, the benefit of using photoelectric technology to reduce
smoke alarm disablement and thereby fire deaths has never been adequately
communicated to the public. (Note: This author has made repeated
requests, accompanied by extensive research, to the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA), Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and the
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to inform the public but no
action has been taken.)
The authors may be interested to know that the following language has
been contained in the Massachusetts State Building Code since 1998.
"Section 919.3 - Where required: single and multiple station smoke
detectors or household fire warning systems shall be installed and
maintained in full operating condition in the locations described in 780
CMR 919.3.1 through 919.3.3. Any smoke detector located within 20 feet of
a kitchen or within 20 feet of a bathroom containing a tub or shower shall
be a photoelectric type smoke detector."
This decision was based on research submitted by this author that is
not available in the public health literature.
From a study published in NFPA’s Fire Journal, “ ... We favor
photoelectric detectors to reduce rates of nuisance alarms from cooking
and to provide optimal protection from cigarette related fires. Electrical
detectors with battery back-up are the detectors of choice, except in
communities such as remote villages in Alaska, where alternating current
is non-existent or unreliable. If ionization detectors are installed, they
should be located at least 20 feet, and preferably 25 feet, from stoves
and at least 10 feet from bathroom doors if possible." (KuKlinski, Diana,
Berger, Lawrence, and Weaver, John, "Smoke Detector Nuisance Alarms - A
Field Study in a Native American Community", Fire Journal (Sept/Oct 1996)
pp. 65-72.)
In a study in Woodlands, Texas, 90% (115/126) of the total number of
false alarms were recorded by the ionization detectors, 86% (83/95) of the
non-malfunction alarms were caused by cooking. This study clearly shows
that the most common source of false alarms in a residential setting is
cooking and that ionization detectors are clearly more susceptible to
these types of false alarms. (Moore, D.A., "Remote Detection and Alarm for
Residences: The Woodlands System", U.S. Fire Administration, Emmitsburg,
Md., May 1980.)
In a manual published by one manufacturer titled "A Method For
Improving Smoke Detector Codes In The United States, the manufacturer
recommends using photoelectric detectors in, "Existing small apartments
where kitchens or open flame heaters are adjacent to sleeping area." This
manufacturer also recommends using a photoelectric detector if you have to
place a detector within 20 ft of a furnace or heater. ("A Method for
Improving Smoke Detector Codes In the United States", prepared by BRK
Electronics, (1987).)
The authors have contributed valuable research to the previous work.
I have already forwarded it to the various boards and committees that I am
dealing with which type of smoke alarm to require.
If I may add some additional comments on the following topics
discussed by the authors.
1. The authors cite 2 studies showing that, "smoke alarms are
effective interventions for injuries from residential fires."
Comment
I agree that smoke alarms are better than nothing but this
information has to be put in context. The authors conclude that having a
smoke alarm is better than not having a smoke alarm. This is almost self
evident. But neither investigated whether or not one type was better than
another or if there were scenarios were it should have made a difference
but didn’t. Neither author was probably aware, because it was never
publicized, that in the late 80's UL and the smoke alarm manufacturers
decided to de-sensitize smoke alarms, i.e. ionization smoke alarms, to
help reduce the nuisance alarm problem. Since this de-sensitization has
taken place the % of fire fatalities with working alarms has doubled. (US
Fire Administration Data)
A 2004 Report issued by the NFPA, after this de-sensitization, found
that smoke alarms reduced the risk of dying in a fire by only 7% for
apartment dwellers. This report also estimated that the reduction risk for
all residential occupancies was only 21%. (Ahrens, M., “U. S. Experience
with Smoke Alarms and Other Fire Detection Alarm Equipment,” National Fire
Protection Association, Quincy, MA November 2004.) In any case,
researchers cannot identify how much of the reduction in risk is not due
to the effectiveness of the detector but rather due to occupant
characteristic that go along with owning a smoke detector: higher income,
newer construction, better evacuation plans etc? All of these factors
would contribute to a reduction in fire risk. As a consequence, the
actual reduction in risk due to the effectiveness of the detector is
probably much less that 21%. Smoke alarms do reduce risk but do they
reduce it as much as we think they do?
Since, according to the CPSC, approximately 90% of the smoke alarms
in use are ionization, then these statistics refer to the effectiveness of
ionization alarms. This relatively small amount of risk reduction is due
to the failure of the ionization alarm to adequately sense smoke created
by smoldering fires, such as those started by smoking. "NIST officials
told the Boston City Council's Public Safety Committee in August that
"ionization alarms may not always alarm, even when a room is filled with
smoke from a smoldering fire." Scientists have reached similar conclusions
in Norway, Australia and England." ("Smoke Detector Alarming Limits,"
Roylance, F., Baltimore Sun, March 4, 2008.)
2. The authors discuss the cost of different technologies and list
the following prices: ionization - $10, photoelectric $15, and dual
sensors for $25.
Comment
The Boston Fire Department has provided photoelectric smoke alarms in
our free give-away program for approximately ten years. The last pricing
information that we received was $5.75 for ionization and $8.00 for
photoelectric. It appears that much of the price differential at the
retail level is due to marketing as opposed to manufacturing cost
differences. It is not unreasonable to assume that if photoelectric
alarms captured 90% of the market that benefits of "economies of scale"
would change the price differential. In addition, in new construction the
total price included wiring and labor so the total price differential is
negligible.
Let me conclude with the following information:
Due to this author’s research the Massachusetts Board of Fire
Prevention Regulations approved the following language. (It will become
effective on October 1, 2008.)
32.02: Definitions
Approved monitored battery power smoke detector, shall consist of a
working device, as defined in M.GL.c148, s. 26D. However such device shall
not include a device that employs ionization technology as the sole means
of smoke detection.
Approved primary power smoke detector, shall consist of a working
device, as defined in M.GL.c148, s. 26D. However such device shall not
include a device that employs ionization technology as the sole means of
smoke detection.
32.03 Installation of Smoke Detectors In the Vicinity of a
Kitchen, Bathroom or Other Areas.
No smoke detector employing ionization technology shall be installed
within 20 feet of an entryway to a kitchen, or bathroom containing a
bathtub or shower or any other room or area which features any item which
produces steam or moisture. The 20 foot measurement shall include and
extend into common areas of a multi-family dwelling, if applicable.
Due to this author’s research the Governor of Vermont will sign the
following legislation. (It will become effective on January 1, 2009.)
(a) A person who constructs a single-family dwelling shall install
one or more photoelectric-only-type smoke detectors in the vicinity of any
bedrooms and on each level of the dwelling, …
(b) Any single-family dwelling when transferred by sale or exchange
shall contain one or more photoelectric-only-type smoke detectors in the
vicinity of any bedrooms and on each level of the dwelling installed in
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions …
This research paper is additional evidence supporting my efforts to
educate the public regarding the differences in smoke alarm technology and
I appreciate the authors’ thoroughness. Hundreds of lives can be saved
each year if the public is provided with this type of information.
I find it no coincidence that the letters so far [1-4] are taking
issue with the methodology of Denton and Fabricius,[5] rather than the
subject, even though several of the letter-writers are on record elsewhere
as opposing gun control in many forms. (For example, see optometrist
Gallant’s comments on gun safety at: http://i2i.org...
I find it no coincidence that the letters so far [1-4] are taking
issue with the methodology of Denton and Fabricius,[5] rather than the
subject, even though several of the letter-writers are on record elsewhere
as opposing gun control in many forms. (For example, see optometrist
Gallant’s comments on gun safety at: http://i2i.org/article.aspx?ID=841
including his quote "Americans have been brainwashed into believing their
children are incapable of safely and responsibly handling firearms". See
Mr Korwin’s many columns on
www.Keepandbeararms.com. Cotton buyer Bean
has posted letters on the site of the Western Missouri Shooters Alliance
http://www.wmsa.net/kcs_020205.htm supporting concealed carry laws.)
Although these correspondents clearly have axes to grind, they are
choosing to attack the article and the journal as being unscientific.
Since none of the letter-writers work in the field of injury control, they
evidently are not aware, and have not done a literature search to find,
the numerous articles that have discussed the appropriate use of news
coverage as a source of primary (albeit limited) and/or secondary
data.[6-12] Many of these articles focus on injury-related
events that are otherwise difficult to track through standard datasets;
several have been published in this journal without an uproar from
optometrists, cotton buyers and authors of books on gun laws.
Mr Korwin, not content with being able to voice his opinion through
this eLetter forum, has also written to members of the journal’s editorial
board (including myself) wanting to know who the reviewers to learn how
this article could have made it through the peer review process. It would
not be appropriate for him to communicate directly with the reviewers "to
understand how this might have occurred". That is a prerogative for
editors and authors, and even the authors may be blinded to the reviewers.
Peer review in publishing, particularly in a smaller field, such as
injury prevention and control – depends on a civil discourse which is
enhanced by the blinded process. If the procedures were bent for Mr
Korwin, why not for every reader with an ax to grind—valid or not?
Reviewers, editors and authors would be swamped with complaints,
especially if they publish on a controversial topic like firearms.
I believe that the journal will receive many letters from non-
subscribers in a coordinated campaign to attempt to stifle articles that
put forth a case for doubting defensive gun uses. I disagree with these
tactics. Readers of Injury Prevention are intelligent adults who are
perfectly capable of assessing for themselves the validity of the articles
they read. I do not see that apologies, retractions, or shielding them
from similar articles are needed.
References
(1) Solomon RC. Reality check: Flawed methodology fails to discover
defensive gun uses [electronic response to Denton and Fabricius; Reality check: using newspapers, police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use] injuryprevention.com 2004http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/10/2/96#51
(2) Korwin A. The "Fabricius method" is not science [electronic response to Denton and Fabricius; Reality check: using newspapers, police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use] injuryprevention.com 2004http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/10/2/96#56
(3) Gallant P, Oyster CK, Eisen JD. The DGU controversy [electronic response to Denton and Fabricius; Reality check: using newspapers, police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use] injuryprevention.com 2004http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/10/2/96#53
(4) Bean BB. Wrong variable measured [electronic response to Denton and Fabricius; Reality check: using newspapers, police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use] injuryprevention.com 2004http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/10/2/96#46
(5) Denton JF and Fabricius WV. Reality check: using newspapers,
police reports, and court records to assess defensive gun use. Inj Prev
2004; 10: 96-98.
(6) Clifton JC, Leikin JB, Hryhorczuk DO, Krenzelok EP. Surveillance
for carbon monoxide poisoning using a national media clipping service.
Amer J Emer Med 2001; 19:106-8
(7) Hayden GJ, Gerberich SG, Maldonado G. Fatal farm injuries: A five
-year study utilizing a unique surveillance approach to investigate the
concordance of reporting between two data sources. J Occ Env Med 1995;
37(5): 571-577
(8) Rainey DY, Runyan, CW. Newspapers: A source for injury
surveillance? AJPH 1992; 82(5): 745-746
(9) Voight B, Lapidus G, Zavoski R, Banco L. Injury reporting in
Connecticut newspapers. Inj Prev 1998; 4(4): 292-294
(10) Smart RG, Mann RE. Deaths and injuries from road rage: Cases in
Canadian newspapers. CMAJ. 2002 October 1; 167 (7): 761–762
(11) Smart RG, Mann RE. Causes and consequences of air rage in
Canada: cases in newspapers.
Can J Public Health. 2003 Jul-Aug;94(4):251-3.
(12) Baullinger J, Quan L, Bennett E, Cummings P, Williams K. Use of
Washington State newspapers for submersion injury surveillance. Inj Prev
2001; 7: 339-42
The article documenting the successful seat belt intervention and
attributable increase in wearing in Guanghzhou, China is a substantial
contribution to road safety in middle-income and low-income countries. The
reported increase in seat belt wearing is particularly significant in the
context of documented declines over 3 years (2005-2007) in two other
eastern seaboard Chinese cities, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and Zhousha...
The article documenting the successful seat belt intervention and
attributable increase in wearing in Guanghzhou, China is a substantial
contribution to road safety in middle-income and low-income countries. The
reported increase in seat belt wearing is particularly significant in the
context of documented declines over 3 years (2005-2007) in two other
eastern seaboard Chinese cities, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and Zhoushan,
Zhejiang Province. The baseline Nanjing results were described in Injury
Prevention (Dec 2007), the 3 year 2 city results are currently available
on line.[1,2] The minimal wearing of rear seat belts (consistently below 1%)
is an additional noteworthy outcome measure of this latter series of
surveys. Considering the substantially documented injury prevention
benefits of seat belt wearing and that in China fitting has been required
in front seats from 1993 and in rear seats of new vehicles since 2004 (and
that laws and regulations are in place), interventions that promote
community awareness of the effectiveness of seat belts together with
sustained enforcement should be actively encouraged.
References
1. Routley V, Ozanne-Smith J, Li D, et al. "Patterns of seat belt wearing
in Nanjing, China." Inj. Prev, 2007, 13(6): 388-393.
2. Routley,V, Ozanne-Smith J, Li D et al. China belting up or down? Seat
belt wearing trends in Nanjing and Zhoushan. Accid Anal Prev (in press).
Available online 4 September 2008.
Dear Editor
I personally understand the consternation of people regarding guns and gun use. Many people, never having had guns in their lives don't understand the benefits to people (of sound mind) and wish to cast all gun owners as criminals or just 'unintelligent'.
I grew up with guns in the home. All of my friends around the US have as well. I have never known any of these people to have anything but the...
Dear Editor
It is timely that Chamberlain and Solomon [1] are proposing an extended zero blood alcohol limit for young drivers and it will definitely save more young lives; however, we believe that drinking and driving is an important part of this complex problem and we have to streamline all other Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) components in order to realize the significant impact of GDL in saving our children in...
Dear Editor
It is understandable that a high school student can survey local newspaper articles and some associated police reports and get school credit for a project that has no scientific validity or value. It is disappointing but not surprising that the student's local newspaper published a story about the invalid project. It is shocking that a purportedly scholarly journal (Injury Prevention) accepted the no...
Dear Editor
One strategy to increase the bubble around you is to put a side flag on your passing side. Drivers then give you more room. EG, see http://www.bikecommuters.com/2007/08/18/d-tour-bicycle-safety-flag-first- impression/
Tom
Dear Editor
I read with interest the article by Whitfield and Whitefield that recently appeared in Injury Prevention.[1] I share their concern in identifying traffic safety issues as early as possible. Unfortunately the authors have made some unwarranted assumptions about the FARS data system and analysis based on it.
We do not find any problem with the statistics on tire problems or fires that were repo...
Dear Editor,
We are grateful for the letter of Desapriya et al. regarding our recent Special Feature, and agree with the sentiments it expresses. We, too, view our proposal to extend BAC limits to the age of 21 as part of a much larger initiative to reduce traffic crashes among youth. Indeed, we outlined a more comprehensive approach to the issue in our 2006 report, Youth and Impaired Driving in Canada: Oppor...
Dear Editor
IP is gaining a reputation in the cycling community as a journal lacking in objectivity when it concerns the effectiveness of bicycle helmets. Its past zealous defence of flaws found in helmet research that IP has published gives cause for concern.
Its latest silence over the identification of a serious calculation error (Annan [1]) raises serious ethical questions as well as doubts about...
Dear Editor
First I want to thank the authors for an excellent study. As the authors discuss, the benefit of using photoelectric technology to reduce smoke alarm disablement and thereby fire deaths has never been adequately communicated to the public. (Note: This author has made repeated requests, accompanied by extensive research, to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Underwriters Laboratories...
Dear Editor
I find it no coincidence that the letters so far [1-4] are taking issue with the methodology of Denton and Fabricius,[5] rather than the subject, even though several of the letter-writers are on record elsewhere as opposing gun control in many forms. (For example, see optometrist Gallant’s comments on gun safety at:
http://i2i.org...
The article documenting the successful seat belt intervention and attributable increase in wearing in Guanghzhou, China is a substantial contribution to road safety in middle-income and low-income countries. The reported increase in seat belt wearing is particularly significant in the context of documented declines over 3 years (2005-2007) in two other eastern seaboard Chinese cities, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and Zhousha...
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