Article Text
Abstract
Objective To examine the impact of a novel firearm ‘pointing’ policy that requires officers to document when they directly point their guns at citizens.
Methods Sixteen years (2003–2018) of narrative officer-involved shooting (OIS) reports from the Dallas Police Department were qualitatively coded to explore both the total frequency and specific characteristics of OIS before and after the policy change in 2013.
Results χ2 tests found that the firearm pointing policy was associated with a reduction in the proportion of ‘threat perception failure’ shootings (ie, those where an officer mistakes an item for a gun). Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average analysis found that the policy change was associated with a gradual, permanent reduction in total OIS; however, that impact was not immediate.
Conclusions Firearm pointing policies have the potential to alter organisational behaviour, particularly in highly discretionary shootings. It is unclear whether the specific mechanisms for the changes include more accountability through constrained discretion, reduced options to handle situations once officers’ guns are drawn and pointed, or an effect on officers’ timing and vision during ambiguous scenarios.
Policy implications Although organisational change may be a long and complex process, reductions in OIS can prevent serious injuries and death. The policy change did not lead to an increase in the proportion of officers injured during OIS incidents.
- policy
- firearm
- occupational injury
Data availability statement
This study does not use data in a repository per se, but uses narrative officer-involved shooting reports (PDFs) that are publicly available from the Dallas Police Department, which can be accessed at: https://dallaspolice.net/ois/ois. Upon accessing DPD’s website/Dallas Open Data at the link above, researchers can scroll to the bottom to the 'Individual Shooting Summaries.' PDFs of the narrative shooting reports can be accessed and downloaded under the 'Summary URL' column. 1. The data are narrative OIS shooting summaries in the form of PDFs (deidentified). 2. The repository where the shooting reports are held is the DPD website. 3. There are no any conditions of reuse (eg, licence, embargo, copyright) that we are aware of.
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Data availability statement
This study does not use data in a repository per se, but uses narrative officer-involved shooting reports (PDFs) that are publicly available from the Dallas Police Department, which can be accessed at: https://dallaspolice.net/ois/ois. Upon accessing DPD’s website/Dallas Open Data at the link above, researchers can scroll to the bottom to the 'Individual Shooting Summaries.' PDFs of the narrative shooting reports can be accessed and downloaded under the 'Summary URL' column. 1. The data are narrative OIS shooting summaries in the form of PDFs (deidentified). 2. The repository where the shooting reports are held is the DPD website. 3. There are no any conditions of reuse (eg, licence, embargo, copyright) that we are aware of.
Footnotes
Twitter @Shjarback_CCJ, @StephenABishopp
Contributors JAS developed the paper’s research question; JAS and SAB coded the data; JAS and MW conducted the analyses; JAS, MW and SAB contributed to the writing.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.