Are cattle dangerous to walkers? A scoping review

Anecdotal evidence suggests that people coming into contact with cattle while participating in outdoor pursuits can sustain severe, even fatal injuries. This has negative implications for farmers, cattle and the public. This study outlines findings from a review of published literature, UK media reports and internet guidelines currently available to the UK public for walking near cattle. A total of 54 cattle attacks were reported in the UK media from 1 January 1993 to 31 May 2013; approximately one-quarter resulted in fatality and two-thirds involved dogs. Walking with dogs among cows, particularly with calves present, was a problematic context. Twenty pieces of commonly occurring advice were found within various guidelines. However, there are no definitive approved guidelines, no published studies describing the prevalence of cattle attacks on members of the public and no system in place to document them. Attacks by cattle are underinvestigated and further work should assess their public health impact.


INTRODUCTION
Annually, there are 3.6 billion tourist visits to the UK countryside; 18% of visitors being walkers. 1 2 In England in 2011-2012, dog walking was the second most frequent countryside activity, accounting for 51.0% of visits. 3 As promotion of physical activity via dog walking is a public health strategy, evaluation of potential risks to public health from these activities is important. 4 There are approximately 300 000 UK farms 5 and 9.7 million cattle. 6 Public rights of way cross farmland including livestock grazing, so that while walking people come into contact with livestock, particularly cattle, and may have limited knowledge of how to behave around them.
Risk assessments and mitigation measures are increasingly implemented to manage risk, but intensive attempts to govern human/cattle interactions would have negative implications for farmers, cattle and the public. Likely risk-management practices include removal of herds from publically accessed fields during peak seasons or restricting public access, and euthanasia of cattle that have attacked walkers. These could affect animal welfare via husbandry and farming practices, and financially impact farmers. Further, they could reduce public motivation for countryside outdoor activities. Thus, it is important to fully evaluate the scope of this public health problem.
The aim of this project was to assess available information about negative interactions between the public and cattle, to identify risk factors for cattle attacks, and highlight the availability and usefulness of guidance on walking among livestock. The study outlines the findings of: (1) a literature review of published research; (2) a review of media reports; (3) an internet search of guidelines for countryside walking.

Search-term development
Search terms for sets of searches were developed by iteratively trialling popular related phrases found in the published literature, media reports and using internet searches, until the most commonly occurring search terms were identified. Using this method, 'cow' for example was identified as being more commonly used than 'cattle', and sufficient to return all findings also related to 'cattle'. The searches were conducted by a single author.

Published literature
Relevant published literature in English was identified using searches of SCOPUS and Web of Knowledge. Formal literature searches of 'title', 'abstract', 'keywords' and 'topic' search fields were undertaken using the '(cow* OR bovine) AND (attack OR injury)' search term, to May 2013 inclusive (figure 1).

Media reports
Media reports from the UK newspapers describing cattle attacks were identified by searching Lexis Library (1993 to May 2013 inclusive) using the search phrase '(cow* OR bovine) AND (attack OR injury) AND (walker* OR public)'.

Public guidelines
Current publically available internet guidelines describing best practice for walking among cattle were identified by searching Google, timespan unrestricted, UK pages only. The prepiloted search terms included: guidelines for walking through fields with cows; walking through fields with cows; cattle in fields crossed by public access; walking a dog through fields with cows; dog walking in cow fields.

Published literature
Eight published papers reported outcomes and/or risk factors for cattle attacks (figure 1). Of these, six studies detailed injuries caused by cattle/bulls via hospital admittance. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Two studies described bovine behaviour such as maternal defensive aggression/vigilance as a fear response to presence of a person/dog or movement to unfamiliar locations. 13 14 Injury or fatality records Kicking, crushing, head butting and trampling were the main causes of hospital-recorded injury, with fractures/contusions the most common consequences. Most injuries were associated with occupations involving direct cattle contact as opposed to public walkers, for example, dairy and beef farmers, vets and abattoir workers. 7 8 Fractures were the most common injury, kicking the most common mechanism, and feeding the most common situation. 8 Injuries from bulls were more common than from cows. 9 Specific bull-only incidents were also reported. 10 11 US data identified 287 bull cases; 261 were attacks on people, of which 149 were fatal. 11 The injuries related to being charged or trampled, or accidentally stepped on , by Holstein dairy and Angus beef dominant breeds. 11

Maternal behaviour
A study of maternal defensive aggression as a result of calves, a heritable trait, suggested that humans are perceived as a threat to calves, causing protective behaviour in cows. 13 Extensification of pasture-based systems, decreased routine contact between handlers and non-lactating cows, an increase in calf contact post partum (to comply with EU ear-tagging regulations) and an increase, by the public, in recreational use of agricultural land were suggested as factors intensifying injury risk, with authors concluding an increasing trend in cattle maternal defensiveness and associated risk to handlers and public safety. 13

Fear of dogs
A study of vigilance to measure fear in dairy cattle concluded that dogs were even more threatening than unfamiliar humans, resembling potential predators, and cattle were exceptionally vigilant in novel locations. 14
Of the attacks, four were reported in more than five newspapers: one described an attack on David Blunkett, the former Home Secretary, who stumbled and broke a rib while releasing his guide-dog's lead; one described an attack on a veterinarian who was trampled and killed while protecting her dogs, who were thought to have sparked the attack; one described an attack on brothers, one of whom died and the other suffered a punctured lung while walking dogs; and one described an attack on a walker who required emergency neurosurgery. She had strayed from an obstructed public footpath to follow a diversion while dog walking; she picked up the dog after it startled cattle.
Media reports suggest factors influencing the likelihood or severity of attack including: the context as well as the behaviour of the people, dogs and cattle (table 1). Descriptive investigation of the data also suggests that female members of the public may be more likely to protect their dogs, while males let them go (see online supplementary data).
Sensational language is used throughout reports, with phrases such as 'Cow attacks: "It looked like they wanted to kill him;"' 15 such language depicts cattle as being dangerous and highly likely to attack at any point, while the walker is portrayed as blameless.

Guidelines
Twenty-four separate web pages specifying countryside guidelines were identified, including not hanging onto dogs if threatened by cattle, releasing them; and avoiding getting between cows and calves (table 2). The content of the guidelines varied widely, however guidelines on best practice when dog walking stipulated in 'The Countryside Code' 16 were often reproduced. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) also provides advice for those grazing cattle on public access fields, recognising the main risk factors: that walkers often have dogs; and when stressed by the weather, illness, unusual disturbance or when maternal instincts are aroused, cattle can become aggressive. 17 Figure 2 The number of cattle attacks on members of the public out walking in livestock areas reported in the media between 1 January 1993 and 31 May 2013, characterised by whether attacks were fatal and involved a dog. Following three cattle-related deaths in 2009, the National Farmers Union provided new signage reminding walkers using public footpaths to keep dogs on leads, but release if chased or threatened by cattle. 18 In October 2005, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CROW) was implemented across England 19 giving the public freedom to roam without staying on paths; restrictions include keeping dogs on leads near livestock and landowners/tenants excluding or restricting access in certain circumstances.

DISCUSSION
Walking with dogs and cows with calves were key features of this study; both recognised as risk factors in the published literature, newspaper articles and web pages. Often dogs drew cattle's attention, and owners picked up dogs rather than releasing them.
Further, the enormity of the issue of cattle-related injury is unknown, although hospital records describe injuries mainly in animal husbandry and related occupations. This study confirms that walker injury from cattle is a public health risk worth future attention. There is no official documentation system, and it is likely that attacks are under-reported. Between April 1996 and March 2006, the HSE investigated 46 incidents, 20 whereas the media review reported in this study identified 17 attacks, and at least one cattle attack requiring hospitalisation was not reported in newspapers nor investigated by HSE (Westgarth, personal communication). The lack of public concern about this risk is surprising considering the political and media concern over comparable animal-related injuries such as bites from dogs; however, cattle are not regarded as 'members of the family'.
In conclusion, numerator information from cattle attacks gaining media attention are available but likely underestimate the true extent and no denominator information is available describing the number of countryside dog walkers; both are necessary to calculate the incidence of attacks and aid examination of risk factors. More research is required, in particular considering changes to countryside access and the promotion of physical activity for health. One possibility is the creation of a highly promoted central database, to encourage self-reporting of cattle attacks. Further, a generic approved guidance document in Table 2 The most commonly occurring guidelines and advice obtained when searching for information using the 'Google' search engine, which describes best practice when walking through fields of cattle The Ramblers go4awalk.com walkingworld.com leaflet and web form would facilitate better management of this problem.
What is already known on the subject ▸ Many members of the public walk or participate in other outdoor pursuits in the UK countryside and they often have dogs with them. ▸ There are anecdotal and hospital reports of cattle causing injury or death to walkers.
What this study adds ▸ Injuries from cattle are a significant and under-reported public health risk. ▸ Walkers with dogs are at particular risk. ▸ Guidelines of how to behave around cattle and avoid injury vary, in particular concerning control of dogs.