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- Volume 26, Issue Suppl 2
- Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
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- Spencer L James1,
- Chris D Castle1,
- Zachary V Dingels1,
- Jack T Fox1,
- Erin B Hamilton1,
- Zichen Liu1,
- Nicholas L S Roberts1,
- Dillon O Sylte1,
- Nathaniel J Henry1,
- Kate E LeGrand1,
- Ahmed Abdelalim2,
- Amir Abdoli3,
- Ibrahim Abdollahpour4,
- Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader5,
- Aidin Abedi6,
- Akine Eshete Abosetugn7,
- Abdelrahman I Abushouk8,
- Oladimeji M Adebayo9,
- Marcela Agudelo-Botero10,
- Tauseef Ahmad11,12,
- Rushdia Ahmed13,14,
- Muktar Beshir Ahmed15,
- Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour16,
- Fares Alahdab17,
- Genet Melak Alamene18,
- Fahad Mashhour Alanezi19,
- Animut Alebel20,
- Niguse Meles Alema21,
- Suliman A Alghnam22,
- Samar Al-Hajj23,24,
- Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali25,26,
- Saqib Ali27,
- Mahtab Alikhani28,
- Cyrus Alinia29,
- Vahid Alipour30,31,
- Syed Mohamed Aljunid32,33,
- Amir Almasi-Hashiani34,
- Nihad A Almasri35,
- Khalid Altirkawi36,
- Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer37,38,
- Saeed Amini39,
- Arianna Maever Loreche Amit40,41,
- Catalina Liliana Andrei42,
- Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam43,
- Carl Abelardo T Antonio44,45,
- Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah46,47,
- Jalal Arabloo30,
- Morteza Arab-Zozani48,
- Zohreh Arefi49,
- Olatunde Aremu50,
- Filippo Ariani51,
- Amit Arora52,53,
- Malke Asaad54,
- Babak Asghari55,
- Nefsu Awoke56,
- Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla57,58,
- Getinet Ayano59,
- Martin Amogre Ayanore60,
- Samad Azari30,
- Ghasem Azarian61,
- Alaa Badawi62,63,
- Ashish D Badiye64,
- Eleni Bagli65,66,
- Atif Amin Baig67,68,
- Mohan Bairwa69,70,
- Ahad Bakhtiari71,
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- Maciej Banach74,75,
- Srikanta K Banerjee76,
- Palash Chandra Banik77,
- Amrit Banstola78,
- Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo79,
- Till Winfried Bärnighausen80,81,
- Lope H Barrero82,
- Akbar Barzegar83,
- Mohsen Bayati84,
- Bayisa Abdissa Baye85,
- Neeraj Bedi86,87,
- Masoud Behzadifar88,
- Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma89,
- Habte Belete90,
- Corina Benjet91,
- Derrick A Bennett92,
- Isabela M Bensenor93,
- Kidanemaryam Berhe94,
- Pankaj Bhardwaj95,96,
- Anusha Ganapati Bhat97,
- Krittika Bhattacharyya98,99,
- Sadia Bibi100,
- Ali Bijani101,
- Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed102,103,
- Guilherme Borges91,
- Antonio Maria Borzì104,
- Soufiane Boufous105,
- Alexandra Brazinova106,
- Nikolay Ivanovich Briko107,
- Shyam S Budhathoki108,
- Josip Car109,110,
- Rosario Cárdenas111,
- Félix Carvalho112,
- João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia113,
- Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela114,115,
- Giulio Castelpietra116,117,
- Ferrán Catalá-López118,119,
- Ester Cerin120,121,
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- Wagaye Fentahun Chanie123,
- Soosanna Kumary Chattu124,
- Vijay Kumar Chattu125,
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- Shaimaa I El-Jaafary2,
- Ziad El-Khatib165,166,
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- 1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 2 Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- 3 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- 4 Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- 5 Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 6 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 7 Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
- 8 Cardiovascular Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt
- 9 Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 10 School of Medicine Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- 11 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- 12 Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
- 13 James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 14 Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 15 Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- 16 Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
- 17 Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
- 18 School of Health Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
- 19 Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 20 Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- 21 Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- 22 Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 23 Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- 24 British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- 25 Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
- 26 Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
- 27 Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- 28 School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 29 Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- 30 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 31 Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 32 Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- 33 International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
- 34 Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 35 Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- 36 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 37 Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 38 Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- 39 Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 40 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- 41 Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 42 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 43 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran
- 44 Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- 45 Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- 46 Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- 47 Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- 48 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- 49 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 50 School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
- 51 Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
- 52 School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 53 Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 54 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- 55 Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Azad Tabriz University, Iran
- 56 Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- 57 The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 58 General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
- 59 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- 60 Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- 61 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 62 Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 63 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 64 Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
- 65 Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- 66 Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece
- 67 Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- 68 School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- 69 Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- 70 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 71 Health Policy And Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 72 Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- 73 Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
- 74 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- 75 Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- 76 School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- 77 Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 78 Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
- 79 School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 80 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- 81 T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 82 Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
- 83 Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 84 Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 85 Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
- 86 Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- 87 Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- 88 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- 89 Institute of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- 90 Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 91 Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
- 92 Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 93 Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 94 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 95 Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- 96 Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
- 97 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
- 98 Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- 99 Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- 100 Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- 101 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 102 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- 103 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 104 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- 105 Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 106 Institute of Epidemiology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
- 107 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- 108 Research Department, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal
- 109 Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- 110 Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- 111 Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
- 112 Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 113 Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 114 Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- 115 Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- 116 Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- 117 Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- 118 National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- 119 Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- 120 Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 121 School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 122 Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- 123 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 124 Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
- 125 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- 126 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- 127 Ophthalmology Private Practice Office, Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
- 128 Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 129 Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center, Boston, MA, USA
- 130 Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 131 Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 132 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- 133 Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 134 Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia
- 135 Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 136 2nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 137 Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- 138 Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- 139 Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 140 Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- 141 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 142 Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- 143 School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- 144 School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- 145 Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 146 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
- 147 Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- 148 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 149 Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- 150 Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 151 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 152 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 153 School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- 154 Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 155 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- 156 Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- 157 Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- 158 Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 159 Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- 160 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- 161 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 162 National Institute for Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 163 Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- 164 Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- 165 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 166 World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- 167 Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- 168 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- 169 Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- 170 Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
- 171 Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 172 Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- 173 Biology and Biotechnolaniogy"L Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- 174 Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
- 175 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 176 Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 177 Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 178 Nursing Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- 179 Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 180 Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- 181 REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 182 Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- 183 Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- 184 Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- 185 School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- 186 Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- 187 Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- 188 Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
- 189 Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- 190 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- 191 Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 192 Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 193 Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 194 Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia
- 195 School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 196 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 197 Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- 198 Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 199 School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- 200 Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 201 Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- 202 Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- 203 Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 204 Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 205 Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 206 Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- 207 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
- 208 Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- 209 Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 210 Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- 211 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- 212 Technical College of Health, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Iraq
- 213 Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
- 214 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 215 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- 216 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
- 217 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- 218 Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 219 School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 220 Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- 221 Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
- 222 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- 223 School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- 224 Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- 225 Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- 226 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
- 227 Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- 228 Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 229 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- 230 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 231 Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
- 232 Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- 233 Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- 234 Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- 235 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- 236 Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
- 237 Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 238 Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- 239 CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- 240 Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 241 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- 242 Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- 243 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- 244 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 245 Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
- 246 Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- 247 Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- 248 Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 249 Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
- 250 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 251 Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 252 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 253 Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- 254 Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
- 255 Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
- 256 Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 257 Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- 258 Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 259 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 260 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- 261 Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- 262 Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 263 School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 264 Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 265 Department for Health Care and Public Health, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- 266 Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 267 Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- 268 Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- 269 Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- 270 Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- 271 Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- 272 Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
- 273 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
- 274 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
- 275 School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- 276 Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- 277 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 278 Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- 279 Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 280 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- 281 Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- 282 School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, A C S Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 283 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- 284 Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 285 Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 286 Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 287 Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- 288 Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
- 289 Department of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- 290 Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- 291 Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- 292 Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 293 Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- 294 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 295 School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
- 296 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 297 Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- 298 Health Care Management, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, zahedan, Iran
- 299 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 300 Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- 301 Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- 302 Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- 303 Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 304 Department of Epidemiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 305 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 306 Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya
- 307 Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- 308 Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- 309 School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
- 310 School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- 311 Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- 312 Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 313 Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 314 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Deemed University, karad, India
- 315 CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- 316 Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- 317 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 318 Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 319 Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- 320 Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- 321 Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- 322 Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- 323 Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 324 Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 325 Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- 326 Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- 327 Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- 328 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- 329 Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- 330 Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens’ Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana
- 331 Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- 332 Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- 333 School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- 334 Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- 335 HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- 336 International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
- 337 Disease Control Department, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
- 338 Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
- 339 Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- 340 Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
- 341 College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- 342 School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- 343 School of Pharmacy, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- 344 School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- 345 Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- 346 School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- 347 Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 348 School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 349 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 350 Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 351 Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- 352 Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- 353 Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- 354 College of Medicine, Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 355 Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
- 356 Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- 357 Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
- 358 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- 359 Public Health Research Department, National Health Institute Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- 360 Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
- 361 Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- 362 Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
- 363 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 364 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 365 Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- 366 Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 367 Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- 368 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- 369 Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- 370 Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- 371 Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 372 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 373 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- 374 Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- 375 Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- 376 Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 377 Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- 378 School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 379 Department of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 380 Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- 381 Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 382 Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
- 383 Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 384 College of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- 385 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- 386 Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 387 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 388 Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 389 School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- 390 Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, ZoraProfozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- 391 University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
- 392 Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- 393 Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- 394 Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
- 395 Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- 396 Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
- 397 Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- 398 President’s Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania
- 399 Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- 400 Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- 401 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- 402 Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
- 403 Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 404 Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 405 Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 406 Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 407 Research Center, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
- 408 Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
- 409 Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- 410 Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 411 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- 412 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
- 413 Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- 414 Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- 415 Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
- 416 Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 417 Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- 418 Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
- 419 Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 420 Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 421 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 422 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- 423 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- 424 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 425 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- 426 Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- 427 Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
- 428 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 429 Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- 430 School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- 431 Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- 432 Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
- 433 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- 434 Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt
- 435 Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- 436 Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
- 437 Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 438 Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- 439 Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
- 440 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 441 Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
- 442 Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- 443 Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 444 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- 445 Cochrane Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- 446 Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 447 Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- 448 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
- 449 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 450 Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 451 Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- 452 Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- 453 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- 454 School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- 455 Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- 456 Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 457 Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
- 458 Disease Surveillance and Epidemic Response, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
- 459 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- 460 Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- 461 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- 462 Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- 463 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- 464 Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- 465 Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 466 Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- 467 School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- 468 Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke’s International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
- 469 Academic department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
- 470 Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- 471 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
- 472 Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- 473 Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa ON, Canada
- 474 Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 475 Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- 476 Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
- 477 Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- 478 Indian Institute of Health Management Research University Delhi, Jaipur, India
- 479 Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
- 480 Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
- 481 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 482 Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 483 Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- 484 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 485 Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
- 486 Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
- 487 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- 488 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
- 489 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 490 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
- 491 Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- 492 Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
- 493 Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
- 494 Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- 495 Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- 496 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- 497 College of Graduate Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- 498 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
- 499 Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- 500 Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 501 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 502 Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 503 Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 504 Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 505 Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 506 School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
- 507 School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 508 Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- 509 European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
- 510 Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 511 Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
- 512 School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
- 513 Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
- 514 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
- 515 Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
- 516 School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 517 Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
- 518 Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- 519 School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- 520 Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- 521 Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 522 Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
- 523 EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 524 Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- 525 Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
- 526 Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- 527 Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
- 528 Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- 529 Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- 530 National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
- 531 Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 532 College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- 533 Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 534 Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 535 Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 536 Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 537 Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
- 538 Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 539 Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 540 Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
- 541 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- 542 Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- 543 Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- 544 Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- 545 Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
- 546 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- 547 Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- 548 Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- 549 Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- 550 Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia
- 551 Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- 552 Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- 553 Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 554 Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 555 Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- 556 Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
- 557 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
- 558 Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- 559 Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- 560 School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- 561 Faculty member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 562 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 563 Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- 564 Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
- 565 Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 566 Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- 567 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- 568 Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 569 Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
- 570 School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- 571 Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 572 HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- 573 Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- 574 Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 575 National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- 576 College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- 577 Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- 578 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- 579 Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 580 School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 581 Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- 582 Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- 583 Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- 584 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 585 Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
- 586 Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- 587 Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
- 588 2nd Department of Surgery-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 589 2nd Surgery Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
- 590 Pain Management Research Institute (PMRI), Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- 591 Michael J Cousins Pain Management & Research Centre, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- 592 Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- 593 Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- 594 Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 595 Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- 596 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- 597 Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- 598 Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- 599 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- 600 Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- 601 South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- 602 Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- 603 Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- 604 Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 605 Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- 606 Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- 607 Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- 608 School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- 609 Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch town sikela, Ethiopia
- 610 Axum College of Health Science, mekelle, Ethiopia
- 611 School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 612 School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- 613 Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- 614 Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 615 Department of Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 616 Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 617 Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- 618 Psychiatry Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- 619 Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- 620 The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
- 621 Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 622 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 623 Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 624 Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- 625 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 626 Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- 627 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- 628 Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, A T Still University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- 629 Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- 630 TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- 631 Research Department, National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan
- 632 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- 633 Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- 634 Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 635 Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 636 UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
- 637 Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
- 638 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- 639 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 640 Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- 641 Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- 642 Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 643 Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- 644 Center of Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
- 645 Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
- 646 Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 647 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 648 Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis ababa, Ethiopia
- 649 Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- 650 Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- 651 Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 652 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- 653 School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
- 654 Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- 655 Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- 656 Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 657 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 658 School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 659 Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- 660 Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- 661 Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- 662 School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- 663 Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 664 Department of Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
- 665 School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- 666 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- 667 Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- 668 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- 669 Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
- 670 Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- 671 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 672 Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- 673 Department of Environment Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
- 674 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- 675 Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- 676 School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 677 Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 678 Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- 679 National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- 680 Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- 681 Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Correspondence to Dr Spencer L James, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA; spencj{at}uw.edu
Abstract
Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries.
Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505).
Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
- burden of disease
- global
- descriptive epidemiology
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
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Footnotes
Funding Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1152504.
Map disclaimer The depiction of boundaries on the map(s) in this article do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BMJ (or any member of its group) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, jurisdiction or area or of its authorities. The map(s) are provided without any warranty of any kind, either express or implied.
Competing interests Dr. James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Dr. Driscoll reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Ivers reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Jozwiak reports personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from ALAB, personal fees from BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM, personal fees from SYNEXUS, non-financial support from SERVIER, non-financial support from MICROLIFE, non-financial support from MEDICOVER, outside the submitted work. Dr. Rakovac reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr Shariful Islam is funded by National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Dr. Sheikh reports grants from Health Data Research UK, outside the submitted work. Dr. Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology, and Speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking, owns stock options in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals, serves on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, serves on the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee, is a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and is the editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Stein reports personal fees from Lundbeck, personal fees from Sun, outside the submitted work. Dr. Degenhardt reports grants from Indivior, Seqirus, Reckitt Benckiser, outside the submitted work.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Availability of input data depends on original source. Select data are available in a public, open access repository. Select data are available on reasonable request. Select data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. All results relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information or are available online.
Linked Articles
- MiscellaneousBMJ Publishing Group LtdInjury Prevention 2020; 26 i165-i165 Published Online First: 28 Sep 2020. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494corr1