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  • Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study

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Original research
Epidemiology of injuries from fire, heat and hot substances: global, regional and national morbidity and mortality estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
  1. Spencer L James1,
  2. Lydia R Lucchesi1,
  3. Catherine Bisignano1,
  4. Chris D Castle1,
  5. Zachary V Dingels1,
  6. Jack T Fox1,
  7. Erin B Hamilton1,
  8. Nathaniel J Henry1,
  9. Darrah McCracken1,
  10. Nicholas L S Roberts1,
  11. Dillon O Sylte1,
  12. Alireza Ahmadi2,
  13. Muktar Beshir Ahmed3,
  14. Fares Alahdab4,
  15. Vahid Alipour5,6,
  16. Zewudu Andualem7,
  17. Carl Abelardo T Antonio8,9,
  18. Jalal Arabloo10,
  19. Ashish D Badiye11,
  20. Mojtaba Bagherzadeh12,
  21. Amrit Banstola13,
  22. Till Winfried Bärnighausen14,15,
  23. Akbar Barzegar16,
  24. Mohsen Bayati17,
  25. Soumyadeep Bhaumik18,
  26. Ali Bijani19,
  27. Gene Bukhman20,21,
  28. Félix Carvalho22,23,
  29. Christopher Stephen Crowe24,
  30. Koustuv Dalal25,26,
  31. Ahmad Daryani27,
  32. Mostafa Dianati Nasab28,
  33. Hoa Thi Do29,
  34. Huyen Phuc Do30,
  35. Aman Yesuf Endries31,
  36. Eduarda Fernandes32,
  37. Irina Filip33,34,
  38. Florian Fischer35,
  39. Takeshi Fukumoto36,37,
  40. Ketema Bizuwork Bizuwork Gebremedhin38,
  41. Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel39,40,
  42. Syed Amir Gilani41,42,
  43. Juanita A Haagsma43,
  44. Samer Hamidi44,
  45. Sorin Hostiuc45,46,
  46. Mowafa Househ47,48,
  47. Ehimario U Igumbor49,50,
  48. Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi51,
  49. Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani52,
  50. Achala Upendra Jayatilleke53,54,
  51. Amaha Kahsay55,
  52. Neeti Kapoor11,
  53. Amir Kasaeian56,57,
  54. Yousef Saleh Khader58,
  55. Ibrahim A Khalil59,
  56. Ejaz Ahmad Khan60,
  57. Maryam Khazaee-Pool61,
  58. Yoshihiro Kokubo62,
  59. Alan D Lopez1,63,
  60. Mohammed Madadin64,
  61. Marek Majdan65,
  62. Venkatesh Maled66,67,
  63. Reza Malekzadeh68,69,
  64. Navid Manafi70,71,
  65. Ali Manafi72,
  66. Srikanth Mangalam73,74,
  67. Benjamin Ballard Massenburg24,
  68. Hagazi Gebre Meles75,
  69. Ritesh G Menezes76,
  70. Tuomo J Meretoja77,
  71. Bartosz Miazgowski78,
  72. Ted R Miller79,80,
  73. Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani81,
  74. Reza Mohammadpourhodki82,
  75. Shane Douglas Morrison83,
  76. Ionut Negoi84,85,
  77. Trang Huyen Nguyen30,
  78. Son Hoang Nguyen30,
  79. Cuong Tat Nguyen86,
  80. Molly R Nixon1,
  81. Andrew T Olagunju87,88,
  82. Tinuke O Olagunju89,
  83. Jagadish Rao Padubidri90,
  84. Suzanne Polinder43,
  85. Navid Rabiee91,
  86. Mohammad Rabiee92,
  87. Amir Radfar93,94,
  88. Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar95,
  89. Salman Rawaf96,97,
  90. David Laith Rawaf98,99,
  91. Aziz Rezapour10,
  92. Jennifer Rickard100,101,
  93. Elias Merdassa Roro102,103,
  94. Nobhojit Roy104,105,
  95. Roya Safari-Faramani106,
  96. Payman Salamati95,107,
  97. Abdallah M Samy108,
  98. Maheswar Satpathy109,110,
  99. Monika Sawhney111,
  100. David C Schwebel112,
  101. Subramanian Senthilkumaran113,
  102. Sadaf G Sepanlou68,69,
  103. Mika Shigematsu114,
  104. Amin Soheili115,116,
  105. Mark A Stokes117,
  106. Hamid Reza Tohidinik118,119,
  107. Bach Xuan Tran120,
  108. Pascual R Valdez121,122,
  109. Tissa Wijeratne123,124,
  110. Engida Yisma125,
  111. Zoubida Zaidi126,
  112. Mohammad Zamani127,
  113. Zhi-Jiang Zhang128,
  114. Simon I Hay1,129,
  115. Ali H Mokdad1,129
  1. 1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
  2. 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  3. 3 Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  4. 4 Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
  5. 5 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
  6. 6 Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  7. 7 Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Department, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  8. 8 Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
  9. 9 Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  10. 10 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  11. 11 Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
  12. 12 Chemistry Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  13. 13 Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan, Nepal
  14. 14 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
  15. 15 T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  16. 16 Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  17. 17 Health Human Resources Research Center, Department of Health Economics, School of Management & Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  18. 18 The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
  19. 19 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  20. 20 Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  21. 21 Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  22. 22 Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  23. 23 Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  24. 24 Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Massachusetts, USA
  25. 25 Institute of Public Health Kalyani, Kalyani, India
  26. 26 School of Health Science, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
  27. 27 Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  28. 28 Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  29. 29 Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
  30. 30 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
  31. 31 Public Health Department, Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  32. 32 REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  33. 33 Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California, USA
  34. 34 School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Missouri, USA
  35. 35 School of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
  36. 36 Gene Expression & Regulation Program, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
  37. 37 Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  38. 38 Nursing Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  39. 39 Nursing Department College of Health Science, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
  40. 40 Nursing Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  41. 41 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  42. 42 Chairman BOG, Afro-Asian Institute Lahore, Pakistan
  43. 43 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  44. 44 School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  45. 45 Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  46. 46 Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
  47. 47 Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  48. 48 Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development, Doha, Qatar
  49. 49 School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
  50. 50 Department of Public Health, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
  51. 51 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  52. 52 Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  53. 53 Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  54. 54 Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  55. 55 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  56. 56 Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  57. 57 Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  58. 58 Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
  59. 59 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
  60. 60 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
  61. 61 Department of Public Health, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Sciences, Sari, Iran
  62. 62 Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
  63. 63 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  64. 64 Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  65. 65 Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  66. 66 Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
  67. 67 Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
  68. 68 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  69. 69 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  70. 70 Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  71. 71 Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
  72. 72 Plastic Surgery Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  73. 73 Public Risk Management Institute, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
  74. 74 Trade and Competitiveness, World Bank, New York city, New York, USA
  75. 75 Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  76. 76 Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  77. 77 Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
  78. 78 Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  79. 79 Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, USA
  80. 80 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
  81. 81 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  82. 82 Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
  83. 83 Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
  84. 84 General Surgery Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  85. 85 Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  86. 86 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  87. 87 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  88. 88 Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  89. 89 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  90. 90 Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, India
  91. 91 Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  92. 92 Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
  93. 93 College of G raduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
  94. 94 Medichem, Barcelona, Spain
  95. 95 Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  96. 96 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
  97. 97 Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
  98. 98 WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK
  99. 99 University College London Hospitals, London, UK
  100. 100 Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
  101. 101 Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
  102. 102 Public Health Department, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  103. 103 Public Health Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  104. 104 Public Health Planning and Evidence Practice Area, National Health Systems Resource Centre, New Delhi, India
  105. 105 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  106. 106 Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  107. 107 School of Health and Policy Management, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  108. 108 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  109. 109 UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  110. 110 Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
  111. 111 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
  112. 112 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
  113. 113 Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  114. 114 National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
  115. 115 Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
  116. 116 Emergency Nursing Department, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  117. 117 Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
  118. 118 HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  119. 119 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  120. 120 Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  121. 121 Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  122. 122 Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  123. 123 Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  124. 124 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
  125. 125 School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  126. 126 Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  127. 127 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
  128. 128 Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  129. 129 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Spencer L James, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98121, USA; spencj{at}uw.edu

Abstract

Background Past research has shown how fires, heat and hot substances are important causes of health loss globally. Detailed estimates of the morbidity and mortality from these injuries could help drive preventative measures and improved access to care.

Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease 2017 framework to produce three main results. First, we produced results on incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, deaths, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. Second, we analysed these results to measure mortality-to-incidence ratios by location. Third, we reported the measures above in terms of the cause of fire, heat and hot substances and the types of bodily injuries that result.

Results Globally, there were 8 991 468 (7 481 218 to 10 740 897) new fire, heat and hot substance injuries in 2017 with 120 632 (101 630 to 129 383) deaths. At the global level, the age-standardised mortality caused by fire, heat and hot substances significantly declined from 1990 to 2017, but regionally there was variability in age-standardised incidence with some regions experiencing an increase (eg, Southern Latin America) and others experiencing a significant decrease (eg, High-income North America).

Conclusions The incidence and mortality of injuries that result from fire, heat and hot substances affect every region of the world but are most concentrated in middle and lower income areas. More resources should be invested in measuring these injuries as well as in improving infrastructure, advancing safety measures and ensuring access to care.

  • burn
  • descriptive epidemiology
  • burden of disease
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043299

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    Footnotes

    • Funding This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

    • Map disclaimer The depiction of boundaries on the map(s) in this article do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BMJ (or any member of its group) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, jurisdiction or area or of its authorities. The map(s) are provided without any warranty of any kind, either express or implied.

    • Competing interests Dr. Spencer James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. All other authors have nothing to disclose. Dr. Carl Abelardo T Antonio reports grants and personal fees from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines), Inc., outside the submitted work.

    • Patient consent for publication Not required.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

    • Data availability statement Data are available in a public, open access repository. Data are available upon reasonable request. Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available.