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- Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
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PDFOriginal research
Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality: methods and data used in the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study
- Spencer L James1,
- Chris D Castle1,
- Zachary V Dingels1,
- Jack T Fox1,
- Erin B Hamilton1,
- Zichen Liu1,
- Nicholas L S Roberts1,
- Dillon O Sylte1,
- Gregory J Bertolacci1,
- Matthew Cunningham1,
- Nathaniel J Henry1,
- Kate E LeGrand1,
- Ahmed Abdelalim2,
- Ibrahim Abdollahpour3,
- Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader4,
- Aidin Abedi5,
- Kedir Hussein Abegaz6,7,
- Akine Eshete Abosetugn8,
- Abdelrahman I Abushouk9,
- Oladimeji M Adebayo10,
- Jose C Adsuar11,
- Shailesh M Advani12,13,
- Marcela Agudelo-Botero14,
- Tauseef Ahmad15,16,
- Muktar Beshir Ahmed17,
- Rushdia Ahmed18,19,
- Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour20,
- Fares Alahdab21,
- Fahad Mashhour Alanezi22,
- Niguse Meles Alema23,
- Biresaw Wassihun Alemu24,25,
- Suliman A Alghnam26,
- Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali27,
- Saqib Ali28,
- Cyrus Alinia29,
- Vahid Alipour30,31,
- Syed Mohamed Aljunid32,33,
- Amir Almasi-Hashiani34,
- Nihad A Almasri35,
- Khalid Altirkawi36,
- Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer37,38,
- Catalina Liliana Andrei39,
- Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam40,
- Carl Abelardo T Antonio41,42,
- Davood Anvari43,44,
- Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah45,46,
- Jalal Arabloo30,
- Morteza Arab-Zozani47,
- Zohreh Arefi48,
- Olatunde Aremu49,
- Filippo Ariani50,
- Amit Arora51,52,
- Malke Asaad53,
- Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla54,55,
- Getinet Ayano56,
- Martin Amogre Ayanore57,
- Ghasem Azarian58,
- Alaa Badawi59,60,
- Ashish D Badiye61,
- Atif Amin Baig62,63,
- Mohan Bairwa64,65,
- Ahad Bakhtiari66,
- Arun Balachandran67,68,
- Maciej Banach69,70,
- Srikanta K Banerjee71,
- Palash Chandra Banik72,
- Amrit Banstola73,
- Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo74,
- Till Winfried Bärnighausen75,76,
- Akbar Barzegar77,
- Mohsen Bayati78,
- Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi79,80,
- Neeraj Bedi81,82,
- Masoud Behzadifar83,
- Habte Belete84,
- Derrick A Bennett85,
- Isabela M Bensenor86,
- Kidanemaryam Berhe87,
- Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula88,89,
- Pankaj Bhardwaj90,91,
- Anusha Ganapati Bhat92,
- Krittika Bhattacharyya93,94,
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta95,96,
- Sadia Bibi97,
- Ali Bijani98,
- Archith Boloor99,
- Guilherme Borges100,
- Rohan Borschmann101,102,
- Antonio Maria Borzì103,
- Soufiane Boufous104,
- Dejana Braithwaite105,
- Nikolay Ivanovich Briko106,
- Traolach Brugha107,
- Shyam S Budhathoki108,
- Josip Car109,110,
- Rosario Cárdenas111,
- Félix Carvalho112,
- João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia113,
- Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela114,115,
- Giulio Castelpietra116,117,
- Ferrán Catalá-López118,119,
- Ester Cerin120,121,
- Joht S Chandan122,
- Jens Robert Chapman123,
- Vijay Kumar Chattu124,
- Soosanna Kumary Chattu125,
- Irini Chatziralli126,127,
- Neha Chaudhary128,129,
- Daniel Youngwhan Cho130,
- Jee-Young J Choi131,
- Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury132,133,
- Devasahayam J Christopher134,
- Dinh-Toi Chu135,
- Flavia M Cicuttini136,
- João M Coelho137,
- Vera M Costa112,
- Saad M A Dahlawi138,
- Ahmad Daryani139,
- Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes140,
- Diego De Leo141,
- Feleke Mekonnen Demeke142,
- Gebre Teklemariam Demoz143,144,
- Desalegn Getnet Demsie23,
- Kebede Deribe145,146,
- Rupak Desai147,
- Mostafa Dianati Nasab148,
- Diana Dias da Silva149,
- Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani150,
- Hoa Thi Do151,
- Kerrie E Doyle152,
- Tim Robert Driscoll153,
- Eleonora Dubljanin154,
- Bereket Duko Adema155,156,
- Arielle Wilder Eagan157,158,
- Demelash Abewa Elemineh159,
- Shaimaa I El-Jaafary2,
- Ziad El-Khatib160,161,
- Christian Lycke Ellingsen162,163,
- Maysaa El Sayed Zaki164,
- Sharareh Eskandarieh165,
- Oghenowede Eyawo166,167,
- Pawan Sirwan Faris168,169,
- Andre Faro170,
- Farshad Farzadfar171,
- Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad172,173,
- Eduarda Fernandes174,
- Pietro Ferrara175,
- Florian Fischer176,
- Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan177,
- Artem Alekseevich Fomenkov178,
- Masoud Foroutan179,
- Joel Msafiri Francis180,
- Richard Charles Franklin181,182,
- Takeshi Fukumoto183,184,
- Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam185,
- Hadush Gebremariam87,
- Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin186,
- Leake G Gebremeskel143,187,
- Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel188,189,
- Berhe Gebremichael190,
- Getnet Azeze Gedefaw191,192,
- Birhanu Geta193,
- Agegnehu Bante Getenet194,
- Mansour Ghafourifard195,
- Farhad Ghamari196,
- Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh197,
- Asadollah Gholamian198,199,
- Syed Amir Gilani200,201,
- Tiffany K Gill202,
- Amir Hossein Goudarzian203,
- Alessandra C Goulart204,205,
- Ayman Grada206,
- Michal Grivna207,
- Rafael Alves Guimarães208,
- Yuming Guo136,209,
- Gaurav Gupta210,
- Juanita A Haagsma211,
- Brian James Hall212,
- Randah R Hamadeh213,
- Samer Hamidi214,
- Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso185,
- Josep Maria Haro215,216,
- Amir Hasanzadeh217,218,
- Shoaib Hassan219,
- Soheil Hassanipour220,221,
- Hadi Hassankhani222,223,
- Hamid Yimam Hassen224,225,
- Rasmus Havmoeller226,
- Delia Hendrie56,
- Fatemeh Heydarpour227,
- Martha Híjar228,229,
- Hung Chak Ho230,
- Chi Linh Hoang231,
- Michael K Hole232,
- Ramesh Holla233,
- Naznin Hossain234,235,
- Mehdi Hosseinzadeh236,237,
- Sorin Hostiuc238,239,
- Guoqing Hu240,
- Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye241,
- Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi242,
- Leeberk Raja Inbaraj243,
- Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani244,
- M Mofizul Islam245,
- Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam246,247,
- Rebecca Q Ivers248,
- Mohammad Ali Jahani249,
- Mihajlo Jakovljevic250,
- Farzad Jalilian251,
- Sudha Jayaraman252,
- Achala Upendra Jayatilleke253,254,
- Ravi Prakash Jha255,
- Yetunde O John-Akinola256,
- Jost B Jonas257,258,
- Kelly M Jones259,
- Nitin Joseph260,
- Farahnaz Joukar220,
- Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak261,
- Suresh Banayya Jungari262,
- Mikk Jürisson263,
- Ali Kabir264,
- Amaha Kahsay87,
- Leila R Kalankesh265,
- Rohollah Kalhor266,267,
- Teshome Abegaz Kamil268,
- Tanuj Kanchan269,
- Neeti Kapoor61,
- Manoochehr Karami270,
- Amir Kasaeian271,272,
- Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye23,
- Taras Kavetskyy273,274,
- Gbenga A Kayode275,276,
- Peter Njenga Keiyoro277,
- Abraham Getachew Kelbore278,
- Yousef Saleh Khader279,
- Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie280,
- Nauman Khalid281,
- Ibrahim A Khalil282,
- Rovshan Khalilov283,
- Maseer Khan284,
- Ejaz Ahmad Khan285,
- Junaid Khan286,
- Tripti Khanna287,288,
- Salman Khazaei270,
- Habibolah Khazaie289,
- Roba Khundkar290,
- Daniel N Kiirithio291,
- Young-Eun Kim292,
- Yun Jin Kim293,
- Daniel Kim294,
- Sezer Kisa295,
- Adnan Kisa296,
- Hamidreza Komaki297,298,
- Shivakumar K M Kondlahalli299,
- Ali Koolivand300,
- Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov106,
- Ai Koyanagi301,302,
- Moritz U G Kraemer303,304,
- Kewal Krishan305,
- Barthelemy Kuate Defo306,307,
- Burcu Kucuk Bicer308,309,
- Nuworza Kugbey310,311,
- Nithin Kumar312,
- Manasi Kumar313,314,
- Vivek Kumar315,
- Narinder Kumar316,
- Girikumar Kumaresh317,
- Faris Hasan Lami318,
- Van C Lansingh319,320,
- Savita Lasrado321,
- Arman Latifi322,
- Paolo Lauriola323,
- Carlo La Vecchia324,
- Janet L Leasher325,
- Shaun Wen Huey Lee326,327,
- Shanshan Li136,
- Xuefeng Liu328,
- Alan D Lopez1,102,329,
- Paulo A Lotufo330,
- Ronan A Lyons331,
- Daiane Borges Machado332,333,
- Mohammed Madadin334,
- Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek335,
- Narayan Bahadur Mahotra336,
- Marek Majdan337,
- Azeem Majeed338,
- Venkatesh Maled339,340,
- Deborah Carvalho Malta341,
- Navid Manafi342,343,
- Amir Manafi344,
- Ana-Laura Manda345,
- Narayana Manjunatha346,
- Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei220,
- Mohammad Ali Mansournia347,
- Joemer C Maravilla348,
- Amanda J Mason-Jones349,
- Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi350,
- Benjamin Ballard Massenburg130,
- Pallab K Maulik351,352,
- Man Mohan Mehndiratta353,354,
- Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik194,
- Peter T N Memiah355,
- Walter Mendoza356,
- Ritesh G Menezes357,
- Melkamu Merid Mengesha358,
- Tuomo J Meretoja359,360,
- Atte Meretoja361,362,
- Hayimro Edemealem Merie363,
- Tomislav Mestrovic364,365,
- Bartosz Miazgowski366,367,
- Tomasz Miazgowski368,
- Ted R Miller56,369,
- G K Mini370,371,
- Andreea Mirica372,373,
- Erkin M Mirrakhimov374,375,
- Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh251,
- Prasanna Mithra260,
- Babak Moazen376,377,
- Masoud Moghadaszadeh378,379,
- Efat Mohamadi380,
- Yousef Mohammad381,
- Aso Mohammad Darwesh382,
- Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani383,
- Reza Mohammadpourhodki384,
- Shafiu Mohammed75,385,
- Jemal Abdu Mohammed386,
- Farnam Mohebi171,387,
- Mohammad A Mohseni Bandpei388,
- Mariam Molokhia389,
- Lorenzo Monasta390,
- Yoshan Moodley391,
- Masoud Moradi392,393,
- Ghobad Moradi394,395,
- Maziar Moradi-Lakeh396,
- Rahmatollah Moradzadeh34,
- Lidia Morawska397,
- Ilais Moreno Velásquez398,
- Shane Douglas Morrison130,
- Tilahun Belete Mossie399,
- Atalay Goshu Muluneh400,
- Kamarul Imran Musa401,
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- Gurudatta Naik407,
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- Josephine W Ngunjiri421,
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- Cuong Tat Nguyen422,
- Diep Ngoc Nguyen423,424,
- Huong Lan Thi Nguyen422,
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- Chukwudi A Nnaji418,429,
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- 1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 2 Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- 3 Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- 4 Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 5 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 6 Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
- 7 Radiotherapy Center, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 8 Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
- 9 Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Egypt
- 10 Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 11 Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- 12 Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 13 Cancer Prevention and Control, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
- 14 School of Medicine, Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- 15 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- 16 Microbiology Department, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
- 17 Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- 18 James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 19 Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 20 Higher National School of Veterinary Medicine, Algiers, Algeria
- 21 Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
- 22 Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 23 Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- 24 Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- 25 Midwifery Department, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
- 26 Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 27 Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
- 28 Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
- 29 Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- 30 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 31 Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 32 Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- 33 International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
- 34 Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 35 Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- 36 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 37 Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 38 Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- 39 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 40 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan, Iran
- 41 Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- 42 Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- 43 Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 44 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
- 45 Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- 46 Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- 47 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- 48 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 49 School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
- 50 Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
- 51 School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 52 Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 53 Plastic Surgery Department, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
- 54 The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 55 General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
- 56 School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- 57 Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- 58 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 59 Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 60 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 61 Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
- 62 Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- 63 School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- 64 Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- 65 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 66 Health Policy and Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 67 Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- 68 Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
- 69 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- 70 Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- 71 School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- 72 Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 73 Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
- 74 School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 75 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- 76 T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 77 Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 78 Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 79 Department of Psychiatry, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 80 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- 81 Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- 82 Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- 83 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
- 84 Psychiatry Department, Bahir Dar University, Bhair Dar, Ethiopia
- 85 Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 86 Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 87 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 88 Department of Internal Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- 89 Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
- 90 Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
- 91 Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
- 92 Internal Medicine Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
- 93 Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- 94 Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
- 95 Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 96 Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- 97 Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- 98 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 99 Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
- 100 Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
- 101 Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 102 School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 103 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- 104 Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 105 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- 106 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- 107 Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- 108 Research Department, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal
- 109 Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- 110 Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
- 111 Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
- 112 Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 113 Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- 114 Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- 115 Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- 116 Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- 117 Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- 118 National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- 119 Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 120 Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 121 School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 122 Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- 123 Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Brain and Spine Specialists, Seattle, WA, USA
- 124 Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- 125 Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
- 126 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- 127 Ophthalmology Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
- 128 Pediatrics Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 129 Neonatology Department, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- 130 Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 131 Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- 132 Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 133 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- 134 Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
- 135 Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 136 School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 137 Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto - Serviço de Oftalmologia, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 138 Department of Environmental Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 139 Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 140 Population and Development, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- 141 Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
- 142 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 143 School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- 144 Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 145 Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- 146 School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 147 Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- 148 Department of Epidemiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 149 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 150 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 151 Center of Excellence in Public Health Nutrition, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- 152 School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- 153 Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 154 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- 155 Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- 156 Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- 157 Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 158 Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- 159 Department of Statistics, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- 160 Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 161 World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada
- 162 Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- 163 Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- 164 Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- 165 Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 166 Epidemiology and Population Health, York University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 167 Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- 168 Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- 169 Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- 170 Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
- 171 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 172 Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 173 Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 174 REQUIMTE/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 175 Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- 176 Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- 177 Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- 178 Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- 179 Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
- 180 Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- 181 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, Queensland, Australia
- 182 Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 183 Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- 184 Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- 185 Public Health Department, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
- 186 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 187 Pharmacy Department, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 188 Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- 189 Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 190 Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- 191 Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 192 Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- 193 Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- 194 Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- 195 Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 196 Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 197 Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- 198 Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- 199 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
- 200 Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- 201 Chairman BOG, Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
- 202 Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- 203 Nursing and Midwifery Department, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 204 Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 205 Internal Medicine Department, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 206 Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- 207 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- 208 Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
- 209 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- 210 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
- 211 Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- 212 Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
- 213 Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- 214 School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- 215 Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- 216 Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- 217 Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- 218 Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 219 Centre for International Health and Section for Ethics and Health Economics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- 220 Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- 221 Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- 222 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 223 Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
- 224 Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- 225 Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- 226 Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- 227 Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 228 Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- 229 CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca. Mexico
- 230 Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 231 Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- 232 Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- 233 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- 234 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 235 Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
- 236 Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- 237 Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- 238 Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 239 Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
- 240 Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- 241 Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 242 Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 243 Department of Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
- 244 Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 245 School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 246 Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- 247 Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 248 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 249 Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 250 Department for Health Care and Public Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- 251 Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 252 Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- 253 Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- 254 Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- 255 Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- 256 Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 257 Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- 258 Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
- 259 Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- 260 Community Medicine Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
- 261 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
- 262 School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- 263 Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- 264 Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 265 Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 266 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- 267 Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- 268 School of Public Health, Department of Health informatics and Health Innovation, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 269 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- 270 Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 271 Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 272 Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 273 Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- 274 Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
- 275 International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- 276 Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- 277 Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- 278 Department of Dermatology, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- 279 Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
- 280 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 281 School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
- 282 Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 283 Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- 284 Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- 285 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 286 Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
- 287 Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- 288 Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- 289 Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 290 Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 291 Research and Data Solutions, Synotech Consultant, Nairobi, Kenya
- 292 Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- 293 School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
- 294 Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- 295 Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- 296 School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- 297 Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 298 Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 299 Public Health Dentistry Department, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed to be University, Karad, India
- 300 Environmental Health Engineering, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 301 CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- 302 Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- 303 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- 304 Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 305 Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- 306 Department of Demography, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- 307 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- 308 Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- 309 Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- 310 Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- 311 Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 312 Community Medicine Department, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
- 313 Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- 314 Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- 315 Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 316 Orthopaedics Department, Base Hospital Lucknow Cantt, Lucknow, India
- 317 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
- 318 Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- 319 HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- 320 International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
- 321 Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
- 322 Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- 323 Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
- 324 Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
- 325 College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- 326 School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- 327 School of Pharmacy, Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- 328 Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- 329 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 330 Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- 331 Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- 332 Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, FIOCRUZ: Cidacs Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Salvador, Brazil
- 333 Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, England
- 334 Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 335 Ophthalmology Department, Aswan Faculty of Medicine, Aswan, Egypt
- 336 Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- 337 Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
- 338 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- 339 Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- 340 Health University, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
- 341 Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- 342 Ophthalmology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 343 Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- 344 Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- 345 Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- 346 Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
- 347 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 348 Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- 349 Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- 350 Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- 351 Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- 352 School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 353 Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
- 354 Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
- 355 Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- 356 Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
- 357 Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- 358 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
- 359 Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 360 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 361 Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 362 School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 363 Statistics Department, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- 364 Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- 365 University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
- 366 Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- 367 Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- 368 Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- 369 Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
- 370 Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- 371 Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
- 372 Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- 373 President’s Office, National Institute of Statistics, Bucharest, Romania
- 374 Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- 375 Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- 376 Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- 377 Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
- 378 Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 379 Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 380 Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 381 Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 382 Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
- 383 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences Shahrekord, Iran
- 384 Department of Nursing, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
- 385 Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- 386 Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
- 387 Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 388 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 389 Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- 390 Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
- 391 Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 392 Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 393 Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 394 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- 395 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- 396 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 397 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- 398 Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
- 399 Department of Psychiatry, Badhir Dar University, Ethiopia
- 400 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 401 School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
- 402 Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- 403 Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
- 404 Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 405 Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- 406 Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
- 407 Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 408 Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- 409 Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
- 410 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 411 Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
- 412 Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- 413 Mental Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
- 414 Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, IUMS, Tehran, Iran
- 415 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- 416 Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- 417 Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- 418 Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- 419 Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 420 Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- 421 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
- 422 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 423 Project of ADB, National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 424 Industrial Management Department, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 425 Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 426 Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- 427 Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- 428 Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- 429 School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- 430 Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 431 Independent Consultant, Accra, Ghana
- 432 UCIBIO, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 433 Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- 434 Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
- 435 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- 436 Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
- 437 Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- 438 Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- 439 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- 440 Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 441 School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 442 Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke’s International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
- 443 Academic Department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
- 444 Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- 445 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
- 446 Department of Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- 447 Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 448 Parasitology and Mycology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 449 Augenpraxis Jonas, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- 450 Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
- 451 Research and Evaluation Department, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- 452 Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- 453 Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
- 454 Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- 455 Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
- 456 Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- 457 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 458 Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
- 459 Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
- 460 Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- 461 Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- 462 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
- 463 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- 464 Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 465 Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
- 466 Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
- 467 Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- 468 Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- 469 College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- 470 College of Graduate Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
- 471 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
- 472 Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- 473 Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 474 Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 475 Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 476 Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 477 Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 478 School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
- 479 School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 480 Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- 481 European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
- 482 Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
- 483 School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
- 484 Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
- 485 School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 486 Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
- 487 Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
- 488 Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 489 Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
- 490 EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 491 Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- 492 Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
- 493 Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- 494 Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
- 495 Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- 496 Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- 497 College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- 498 Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 499 Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 500 Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 501 Nanobiotechnology Center, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
- 502 Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- 503 Urology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- 504 Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
- 505 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- 506 Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- 507 Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- 508 Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- 509 Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, New South Wales, Australia
- 510 Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- 511 Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- 512 Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- 513 Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 514 Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- 515 Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
- 516 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
- 517 Education Development Center, Faculty Member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 518 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 519 Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- 520 Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
- 521 Microbiology Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- 522 Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- 523 Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- 524 Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- 525 Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
- 526 School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- 527 Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- 528 Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- 529 National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- 530 College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- 531 Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- 532 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- 533 Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- 534 School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- 535 Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- 536 Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- 537 Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- 538 Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
- 539 Department of Forensic Medicine, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
- 540 Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- 541 Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
- 542 Medical Surgical Nursing Department, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- 543 Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- 544 Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- 545 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
- 546 Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- 547 Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- 548 Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- 549 Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 550 Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- 551 Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- 552 Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- 553 Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- 554 School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
- 555 Public Health, Arba Minch College of Health Sciences, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- 556 School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- 557 Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- 558 Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- 559 Department of Pharmacognosy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- 560 Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- 561 Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
- 562 Biology Department, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- 563 Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- 564 HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- 565 Institute of Public Health, Krakow, Poland
- 566 The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
- 567 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- 568 Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 569 Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- 570 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 571 Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
- 572 Department of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- 573 Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- 574 Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- 575 TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- 576 Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- 577 Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- 578 Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 579 Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 580 UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
- 581 Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- 582 Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- 583 Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- 584 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- 585 Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- 586 Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- 587 Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- 588 Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
- 589 Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- 590 Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- 591 Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- 592 Public Health Science Directorate, NHS Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland
- 593 Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- 594 Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- 595 School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- 596 Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- 597 Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- 598 Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- 599 Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 600 Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- 601 School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- 602 Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- 603 Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- 604 Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- 605 School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- 606 Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- 607 Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
- 608 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- 609 Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- 610 School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- 611 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- 612 Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
- 613 Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- 614 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- 615 Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- 616 Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- 617 Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- 618 School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 619 Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- 620 Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- 621 Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- 622 Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Abstract
Background While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria.
Methods In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced.
Results GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes.
Conclusions GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future.
- populations/contexts
- methodology
- descriptive epidemiology
- statistical issues
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Footnotes
Funding This study was funded by The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. SLJ conducts research for a grant on influenza and RSV which is funded in part by Sanofi Pasteur.
Competing interests Dr. James reports grants from Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Dr. Driscoll reports grants from World Health Organisation, during the conduct of the study. Dr Shariful Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Dr. Ivers reports grants from National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Jozwiak reports personal fees from TEVA, personal fees from ALAB, personal fees from BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM, personal fees from SYNEXUS, non-financial support from SERVIER, non-financial support from MICROLIFE, non-financial support from MEDICOVER, outside the submitted work. Walter Mendoza is currently Program Analyst Population and Development at the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA, which does not necessarily endorses this study. Dr. Rakovac reports grants from World Health Organization, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Sheikh reports grants from Health Data Research UK, outside the submitted work. Dr. Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology, personal fees from Speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking. Dr. Singh owns stock options in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals. Dr. Singh serves on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms-length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Singh serves on the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee. Dr. Singh is a member of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee. Dr. Singh is the editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Stein reports personal fees from Lundbeck and Sun, outside the submitted work.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement Availability of input data varies by source. Select data are available in a public, open-access repository. Select data are available on reasonable request. Select data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. All results from the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information or are available online.