Statement of Purpose Geographic areas with high rates of crime and violence are often the same places that evidence concentrated, chronic diseases and high morbidity and mortality rates. Yet, little is known about whether and how strategies that target crime and violence can also enhance health outcomes. We aimed to identify the shared risk and protective factors for crime and ill health on the street.

Methods We used survey data from 3,738 respondents living on 449 street segments and physical observation data in Baltimore, Maryland. Mixed effects models were used to partition the variabilities of crime (i.e., general offending, violent offending, and violent victimization) and health outcomes (i.e., general perception of personal health, health limitations, and diagnoses of diseases) at the street versus community level and to identify the shared risk and protective factors on the street while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.

Results Between 3.8% and 8.3% of the total variabilities of crime outcomes are at the community level, whereas between 11.4% and 12.0% of the total variabilities of health outcomes are at the community level. Results from regression analyses (i.e., mixed effects model for each of the aforementioned outcomes) indicated that collective efficacy and police legitimacy are two of the most important shared factors when mitigating the undesirable co-occurrence of crime and ill health on the street.

Conclusion The variabilities of crime and health outcomes are more at the street-segment than community level. Shared risk and protective factors exist for reducing the co-occurrence of crime and ill health on the street.

Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science: As members of the criminal justice and public health disciplines often work collaboratively with marginalized populations, it is imperative to address the shared risk and protective factors for public safety and health.