Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T23:58:50.927Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Injury as a Field of Public Health: Achievements and Controversies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

The mission of public health is to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy and to reduce the occurrence of death and disability attributable to disease and injury. From the distinctive perspective of public health, the target is the health of the population as a whole, with a particular concern for vulnerable populations within the whole. Although public health is grounded in science, the mission and perspective of the field are shaped by the ever-evolving values of the society. Ethics and law are therefore constituent disciplines of public health policy and practice. One of the major challenges confronting contemporary practitioners of public health is the need to broaden and deepen their understanding of legal and ethical aspects of their work. This special issue of the Joumal of Law, Medicine & Ethics responds to this challenge. This article describes how the mission of public health has come to encompass the prevention and treatment of injury and highlights some of the political and ethical controversies now confronting the field.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Loimer, H. Driur, M. Guarnieri, M., “Accidents and Acts of God: A History of the Terms,” American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 101–07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, S.P., “Injury Science Comes of Age,” JAMA, 262 (1989): 2284–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, J.E., “The Epidemiology of Accidents,” American Journal of Public Health, 39 (1949): 504–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J.J., “The Contribution of Experimental Psychology to the Formulation of the Problem of Safety: A Brief for Basic Research,” in Jacobs, H.H.et al., eds., Behavioral Approaches to Accident Research (New York: Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, 1961): at 77–89.Google Scholar
Haddon, W. Jr., “The Changing Approach to the Epidemiology, Prevention, and Amelioration of Trauma: The Transition to Approaches Etiologically Rather Than Descriptively Based,” American Journal of Public Health, 58, no. 8 (1968): 1431–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council, Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1966).Google Scholar
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Injury in America: A Continuing Public Health Problem Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985).Google Scholar
National Research Council, Injury Control: A Review of the Status and Progress of the Injury Control Program at the Centers for Disease Control Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Bonnie, R.J. Fulco, C.E. Liverman, C.T., eds., Committee on Injury Prevention and Control, Institute of Medicine, Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1999) [hereinafter IOM Injury Report].Google Scholar
Id. at viii.Google Scholar
Thompson, B., “The Science of Violence: Guns, Politics and the Public Health,” Washington Post Magazine, March 20, 1998.Google Scholar
Bonnie, Fulco, Liverman, , supra note 11, at viii.Google Scholar
Fingerhut, L., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, personal communication with Richard Bonnie, October 2001. See generally Fingerhut, L.A. Warner, M., Injury Chartbook. Health, United States, 1996–97 (Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics, 1997).Google Scholar
Miller, T.R.et al., “Medical-Care Spending — United States;” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 43, no. 32 (1994): 581–86.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, E., personal communication with Richard Bonnie, 1998.Google Scholar
IOM Injury Report, supra note 11. See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Update: Years of Potential Life Lost Before Age 65 — United States, 1988 and 1989,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 40, no. 4 (1991): 6062;. Waller, J.A., “Reflections on a Half-Century of Injury Control,” American Journal of Public Health, 84, no. 4 (1994): 664–70.Google Scholar
See National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, supra note 8.Google Scholar
Id. at 44.Google Scholar
Id. at 45.Google Scholar
See National Research Council, supra note 10, at 35.Google Scholar
A major National Research Council report defined violence as “behavior by persons against persons that intentionally threatens, attempts, or actually inflicts physical harm…. [The definition] excludes consideration of human behavior that inflicts physical harm unintentionally. Also excluded are certain behaviors that inflict physical harm intentionally: violence against oneself, as in suicides and attempted suicides….” National Research Council, Understanding and Preventing Violence (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993): at 35–36.Google Scholar
See, e.g., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Justice, Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health. October 27–29, 1985, DHHS Pub. No. HRS-D-MC-86-1 (Rockville, Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1986);. Rosenberg, M.L. Fenley, M.A., eds., Violence in America. A Public Health Approach (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991); National Research Council, supra note 25; National Research Council, Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998).Google Scholar
See, e.g., Karlson, T.A. Hargarten, S.W., Reducing Firearm Injury and Death: A Public Health Sourcebook on Guns (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Moore, M.H.et al., “Violence and Intentional Injury: Criminal Justice and Public Health Perspectives on an Urgent National Problem,” in Consequences and Control, vol. 4 of Understanding Violent Behavior (Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1994).Google Scholar
See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11.Google Scholar
Chiu, A.Y. Perez, P.E. Parker, R.N., “Impact of Banning Alcohol on Outpatient Visits in Barrow, Alaska,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 1775–77; Landen, M.G.et al., “Alcohol-Related Injury Death and Alcohol Availability in Remote Alaska,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 1755–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitzman, H.et al., “Effect of Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses on Pregnancy Outcomes, Childhood Injuries and Repeated Childbearing: A Randomized Control Trial,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 644–52; Olds, D.L.et al., “Long-Term Effects of Home Visitation on Maternal Life Course and Child Abuse and Neglect,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 637–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassall, C. Trethowan, W.H., “Suicide in Birmingham,” British Medical Journal, 1, no. 5802 (1972): 717–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Public Health Service, The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Suicide Rockville, Maryland: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, 1999).Google Scholar
See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11.Google Scholar
Bijur, P.E., “What's in a Name? Comments on the Use of the Terms ‘Accident’ and ‘Injury,’” Injury Prevention, 1, no. 1 (1995): 910.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avery, J.G., “Accident Prevention — Injury Control — Injury Prevention — or Whatever?,” Injury Prevention, 1, no. 1 (1995): 1011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Bijur, , supra note 35; IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 28.Google Scholar
See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 28–29.Google Scholar
Id. at 29.Google Scholar
Id. at 30.Google Scholar
Id. at 262–65.Google Scholar
See National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, supra note 8, at 16.Google Scholar
See National Research Council, supra note 10.Google Scholar
Cook, P.J., “The Technology of Personal Violence,” in Tonry, M., ed., Crime and Justice: A Review of Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991): At 171; Zimring, F.E. Hawkins, G., Crime Is Not the Problem: Lethal Violence in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar
Sue Mallonee, , Oklahoma Department of Health, personal communication with Richard Bonnie, 2001.Google Scholar
Children's Safety Network, Injury Prevention Professionals: A National Directory Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1998).Google Scholar
IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 31–32.Google Scholar
See Haddon, , supra note 5.Google Scholar
The tension between behavioral and environmental perspectives is explored in eleven papers in “Children's Injuries: Prevention and Public Policy,” a special theme issue of the Journal of Social Issues, 43, no. 2 (1987). The issue editors were M.C. Roberts and EH. Brooks.Google Scholar
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), “Seat Belt Use by Drivers and Passengers Reaches 73%, NHTSA Reports,” press release, August 30, 2001, available at <http://www.dot.gov/affairs/nhtsa4701.htm>; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Motor Vehicle Safety: A 20th Century Public Health Achievement,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 48, no. 18 (1999): 369.;+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention,+“Motor+Vehicle+Safety:+A+20th+Century+Public+Health+Achievement,”+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report,+48,+no.+18+(1999):+369.>Google Scholar
Graham, J.D., “Injuries from Traffic Crashes: Meeting the Challenge,” Annual Review of Public Health, 14 (1993): 515–43. See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, supra note 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischoff, B.et al., Acceptable Risk (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).Google Scholar
See Mashaw, J. Harfst, D., The Struggle for Auto Safety (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See, e.g., Harris, J., “Qualifying the Value of Life,” Journal of Medical Ethics, 13 (1987): 117–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See International Union v. OSHA, 937 F.2d 1310 (D.C. Cir. 1991). See generally Rabinowitz, R. Hager, M., “Designing Health and Safety: Workplace Hazard Protection in the United States and Canada,” Cornell International Law Journal, 33 (2000): 373434.Google Scholar
Soon after President George Bush took office, Congress passed, and President Bush signed, Senate Joint Resolution 6, rescinding the Clinton Administration's long-awaited ergonomics rule. On April 5, 2002, the Secretary of Labor announced a new four-pronged guideline-based approach toward reducing musculoskeletal disorders. See Occupational Safety and Health Reporter, 32 (April 1, 2002): 338–41.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Sullum, J., “What the Doctor Orders,” Reason (January 1996): 2027.Google Scholar
See Bonnie, R.J., “The Efficacy of Law as a Paternalistic Instrument,” in Melton, G., ed., Nebraska Symposium on Human Motivation, 1985: Law as a Behavioral Instrument (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986): 131211; IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 82–107.Google Scholar
See text at note 19, supra.Google Scholar
Graham, J.D.et al., “The Cost-Effectiveness of Air Bags by Seating Position,” JAMA, 278 (1997): 1418–25; Max, W Stark, B. Root, S., “Putting a Lid on Injury Costs: The Economic Impact of the California Motorcycle Helmet Law,” Journal of Trauma, 45, no. 3 (1998): 550–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11. Compare Dworkin, G., “Paternalism,” Monist, 56 (1972): 6484, with Dworkin, G., “Second Thoughts about Paternalism,” in Sartorius, R., ed., Paternalism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983): At 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Bonnie, , supra note 58, at 133.Google Scholar
See IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 100–01.Google Scholar
See Graham, et al., supra note 60.Google Scholar
Rivara, F.P. Grossman, D.C. Cummings, P., “Injury Prevention” (first of two parts), N. Engl. J. Med., 337, no. 8 (1997): 543–48;. Rivara, F.P. Grossman, D.C. Cummings, P., “Injury Prevention” (second of two parts), N. Engl. J. Med., 337, no. 9 (1997): 613–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute of Medicine, The Future of Public Health Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988).Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine, Healthy Communities, (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996): at 39.Google Scholar
IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 200.Google Scholar
See Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, “Healthy People 2010,” at <http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/About/hpfact.htm> (last updated November 1, 2001).+(last+updated+November+1,+2001).>Google Scholar
Moody, A.E., “Conditional Federal Grants: Can the Government Undercut Lobbying by Non-Profits through Conditions Placed on Federal Grants?,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 24 (1996): 113–58.Google Scholar
IOM Injury Report, supra note 11, at 200–01.Google Scholar
Bero, L.A. Glantz, S.A. Rennie, D., “Publication Bias and Public Health Policy on Environmental Tobacco Smoke,” JAMA, 272 (1994): 133–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar