Table 3

Overview of study results showing the number of outcomes and the direction and statistical significance of effect

Author(s)Study type (quality)Time of follow-upInjuriesEquipment useBehaviourAttitudesKnowledge
Oral presentation
 Frederick and Barlow17BA (−)2 months2↑
 Frederick et al18CBA (+)5 months3↑↑1↓
 Tenn & Dewis19CBA (−)4 months1↑1↓
 Heck et al20BA (−)1 week1↑*
 Morrongiello and Mark21cRCT (+)1 month3↑↑
 Azeredo and Stephens-Stidham22CBA (−)2 weeks3↑↑1↑↑4↑↑
 Greene et al23CBA (−)1 week7↑
 Asher et al24RCT (+)Immediate

  • 1↑*

  • 2↓*

 Moran and Stanley25BA (−)Immediate1↑↑
Oral presentation+promotional materials
 Terzidis et al26CBA (+)1 month3↑

  • 2↑

  • 1↓

Oral presentation+activities
 Richards et al27CBA (−)1 week4↑
 Kendrick et al28cRCT (++)4 months1↓
 McCallum et al29BA (−)3 months2↑↑1↑↑
Oral presentation+safety village
 Gielen et al30BA (+)Immediate

  • 3↑↑

  • 1↑

Oral presentation+video
 Wehner and Sutton31BA (−)6 weeks1↑3↑
 Wesner32CBA (+)2 weeks2↑1↑↑
Video
 Mayer et al33RCT (++)1 months1↑
 Morrongiello and Matheis34cRCT (+)2 months4↑↑
Health fair+mass media
 Forjuoh et al35BA (−)At the end of 2-year intervention

  • 3↑↑*

  • 7↑*

  • 2↓*

Health fair
 Solis36BA (−)Immediate3↑↑
Mass media
 Bennett et al37BA (+)At the end of 3-year intervention1↑↑1↑↑
 Treser et al38BA (−)At the end of 3-year intervention1↑*
 D'Argenio et al39BA (−)Immediate1↑

  • The number of outcomes reported by a study (or the summary effect size where this was possible to calculate) is specified before the strength and direction of effect; for example 2↑ indicates that two statistically non-significant effects in the desired direction were reported. Statistical significance is defined as a (Pooled) OR where the 95% CI does not include 1, or p<0.05. All outcomes were self-reported unless otherwise indicated.

  • * Observed outcomes.

  • ↑↑Statistically significant effect in the desired direction.

  • ↑Statistically non-significant effect, but in the desired direction.

  • ↓Statistically non-significant effect, but in the opposite direction to that desired.

  • BA, before and after study (with no control group); CBA, controlled before and after study; cRCT, cluster RCT; RCT, randomised controlled trial.