Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for demographic, risk and protective factors for gang affiliation (N=4131)
| Variable | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
| Demographic factors | |
| Age† | |
| 12–13 years | Referent |
| 14–15 years | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.34) |
| 16 years or older | 0.45 (0.29 to 0.71) |
| Sex | |
| Female | Referent |
| Male | 1.35 (1.00 to 1.82) |
| Race/ethnicity | |
| White, non-Hispanic | Referent |
| African American, non-Hispanic | 2.37 (1.51 to 3.70) |
| Hispanic | 1.45 (1.09 to 1.91) |
| Others, non-Hispanic | 1.79 (1.14 to 2.80) |
| Potential risk factors | |
| Depressed mood | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 1.20 (0.87 to 1.65) |
| Suicidal ideation | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 1.39 (0.93 to 2.08) |
| Alcohol use | |
| Never | Referent |
| Once a year to once a month | 1.15 (0.80 to 1.64) |
| 2–3 days a month | 1.48 (1.04 to 2.13) |
| 1–2 days a week or more | 2.62 (1.85 to 3.72) |
| Drug use | |
| Never | Referent |
| Once a year to once a month | 1.57 (0.98 to 2.51) |
| 2–3 days a month | 1.67 (0.94 to 2.97) |
| 1–2 days a week or more | 1.95 (1.15 to 3.29) |
| Delinquency | |
| Never | Referent |
| 1–3 times | 2.07 (1.18 to 3.64) |
| 4–9 times | 3.36 (1.88 to 6.02) |
| 10 or more times | 5.10 (3.20 to 8.11) |
| Peer victimisation | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.41) |
| Potential protective factors | |
| Coping skills | |
| Low level of confidence | Referent |
| Moderate level of confidence | 0.54 (0.42 to 0.71) |
| High level of confidence | 0.30 (0.19 to 0.47) |
| Peer support | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.40) |
| Parental positive reinforcement | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 1.08 (0.87 to 1.34) |
| Parental monitoring | |
| Low level | Referent |
| Moderate level | 0.67 (0.54 to 0.85) |
| High level | 0.61 (0.43 to 0.86) |
| Family support | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.17) |
| Adult support at school | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 0.74 (0.40 to 1.37) |
| School connectedness | |
| No | Referent |
| Yes | 1.15 (0.91 to 1.46) |
The model was adjusted for all demographic factors, potential risk factors and potential protective factors.
↵† The missing response category was added to the referent group for all variables.