Reductions in novice accidents per licensee, per driver, and per person reported for various GDL programs
| State | Date enacted | Per licensee (%) | Per driver (%) | Per capita (%) | Learner phase | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| California | 1983 | 3.8 | 5 | 1 mth + 2 wk; more for test failures | Hagge and Marsh16 | |
| California | 1998 | 0 | 9 | 6 mth | Peck (unpublished) | |
| California: San Diego | 1998 | 0 | 20 | 6 mth | Smith et al6 | |
| Connecticut | 1997 | 22 | 3–6 mth | Ulmer et al18 | ||
| Florida | 1996 | 9 | 6 mth | Ulmer et al24 | ||
| Kentucky | 1998 | 32 | 180 days | Agent et al15 | ||
| Louisiana | 1993 | 20 | Driver education | Ulmer et al17 | ||
| Michigan | 1997 | 25 | 50 h | Shope et al14 | ||
| Ohio | 1999 | 11 | 11 | 6 mth | Kilgore7 | |
| New Zealand | 1987 | 7 | 6 mth | Langley et al12 | ||
| North Carolina | 1997 | 27 | 12 mth | Foss23 | ||
| Nova Scotia | 1994 | 24 | 6 mth | Mayhew et al19 | ||
| Ontario | 1994 | 16 | 31 | 12 mth | Boase and Tasca4 | |
| Quebec | 1996 | 5 | 14 | 8–12 mth | Bouchard et al5 |