(1) One shot case study
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Group 1 | Intervene→observe |
Example: monitored fatal child refrigerator entrapments in California after state and federal laws enacted15 |
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(2) One group pretest/post-test
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Group 1 | Observe→intervene→observe |
Example: assessed fatal child window falls in New York City before and after community education and window guard program44 |
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(3) Static group comparison
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Group 1 | Intervene→observe |
Group 2 | No action→observe |
Examples: surveyed smoke detectors,41 pool drownings,45 and firearm deaths27 in similar cities or counties with and without regulatory interventions |