Hartos, Eitel, Haynie, Simons-Morton33 | Retrospective survey; n = 300 licensed HS students; assess associations with teen driving outcomes | Associations with risky driving |
• Parental monitoring (–) |
• Self control (–) |
• Deviance acceptance (+) |
• Problem friends (+) |
Associations with violations |
• Time licensed (+) |
• Restrict teen passengers (–) |
• Parental control (–) |
Associations with crashes |
• Restrict teen passengers (–) |
McCartt, Shabanova, Leaf3 | Prospective survey with 6 month follow ups from freshmen to senior grades; n = 911 HS students; assess effect of driving experience on teen driving outcomes | Crash and conviction rates higher in first month of independent driving |
Associations with violations |
• Male gender (+) |
• GPA (–) |
• Rural area (+) |
Associations with crashes |
• Parental restrictions (–) |
• GPA (–) |
Hartos, Eitel, Simons-Morton34 | Prospective survey with 3 month follow up; n = 261 licensed HS students; assess predictors of risky driving | Predictors of risky driving |
• Baseline risky driving (+) |
• Deviance acceptance (+) |
• Parental monitoring (–) |
• Parental restrictions (–) |
Hartos, Eitel, Simons-Morton35 | Prospective survey with 1 year follow up; n = 275 parent-teen dyads recruited at permit, 161 of whom were licensed and interviewed 1 year later; assess parent management and predictors of risky driving | Parent management |
• Parents delayed license testing until teen was ready |
• Parents placed more limits on trip than risk conditions |
Predictors of teen risky driving |
• Young age at license (+) |
• Male gender (+) |
• Risk perceptions (-) |
• Parent-teen conflict over driving (+) |
• Parental monitoring (-) |
Hartos, Beck, Simons-Morton36 | Cross sectional survey; n = 658 parents of teens testing for a permit; assess parents’ intended limits | Parents’ intended limits |
• > trip conditions |
• < risk conditions |
• 1/3 completed a parent-teen driving agreement |
Associations with intended limits |
• Parental monitoring (+) |
• Risk perceptions (+) |
• Discussions about driving rules (+) |
• Vehicle access (–) |
Hartos, Shattuck, Simons-Morton, Beck37 | In-depth interviews; n = 24 parents and newly licensed teens; assess parent driving rules | Parent rules |
• 143 different rules |
• Rules not strict |
• Consequences for rules violations |
– Talk/warn (more likely) |
– Take away driving privileges (less likely) |
Beck, Hartos, Simons-Morton38 | Cross sectional survey at 1 month post licensure; n = 579 parents and newly licensed teens; examine associations with risky driving | Associations with risky driving |
• Discordance on restrictions (+) |
• Discordance on consequences for violating rules (+) |
Goodwin, Foss39 | Cross sectional survey; n = 900 parents and teens after intermediate or full licensure; are parents and teens aware and do they adhere to GDL? | Parents and teens |
• High awareness of rules |
• 10% of teens violate night rules, 15% with parent permission |
• 4% of parents allowed violations of passenger limits |
• Teens reported little concern about detection, but drove to avoid it |
Hartos, Simons-Morton, Beck, Leaf40 | Prospective surveys within 4 months of licensure; n = 292 parent-teen dyads in MD; 108 dyads in CT; determine whether parent limits are stricter in MD with GDL or CT without GDL | Parent limits stricter with GDL |
• Teen passengers |
• High speed roads |
• Night driving |
• Overall limits |