Table 1

Changes in personality among teenagers and young adults (after Roberts et al, 2006¹⁶)

Traits	Age 10–17 years			Age 18–22 years
Traits	Sample size	Effect size	Confidence intervals	Sample size	Effect size	Confidence intervals
*p<0.05.
Effect size: standardized mean difference (Time 1-Time 2)/SD Time 1.
Social vitality	6132	0.11	−0.06 to 0.27	3929	0.06*	0.01 to 0.10
Social dominance	1700	0.20*	0.01 to −0.39	1655	0.41*	0.13 to −0.69
Agreeableness	4378	0.01	−0.09 to 0.11	2239	0.05	−0.08 to 0.18
Conscientiousness	7506	0.03	−0.09 to 0.14	5226	0.04	−0.18 to 0.11
Emotional stability	10,557	0.16*	0.09 to 0.23	3621	0.12*	0.004 to 0.24
Openness	2911	0.23	0.00 to 0.48	3998	0.37*	0.18 to 0.56