Levels of processing: past, present. and future?

Memory. 2002 Sep-Nov;10(5-6):305-18. doi: 10.1080/09658210244000135.

Abstract

In this article I first briefly survey some enduring legacies of the Craik and Lockhart (1972) article on levels of processing (LOP) and address some common criticisms. In the next section I discuss whether memory can be regarded as "pure processing", the role of short-term memory in an LOP framework, measurement of "depth" in LOP, encoding-retrieval interactions, the concept of consolidation, and the reality of "levels" of processing. In the final section I offer some speculations on future directions, discussing the notion of levels of representation and a possible continuing role for LOP in memory research.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Forecasting
  • Humans
  • Memory*
  • Memory, Short-Term
  • Mental Recall
  • Models, Psychological
  • Neuropsychology / trends*
  • Psychology, Experimental / trends*
  • Retention, Psychology